Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main structural difference between the cell walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and no outer membrane, while Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides.

Question 2

A bacterium is observed to move in a corkscrew-like fashion and possesses internal flagella anchored at one end. Which structure is responsible for this type of motility?

Accepted Answer

Axial filaments (endoflagella)

Question 3

Which of the following is a function of the bacterial glycocalyx?

Accepted Answer

It contributes to virulence by preventing phagocytosis and aiding in adherence to surfaces.

Question 4

Which of the following arrangements describes a group of eight cocci arranged in a cube-like structure?

Accepted Answer

Sarcinae

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why mycoplasmas are resistant to antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis?

Accepted Answer

They lack a cell wall and instead have sterols in their plasma membrane.

Question 6

Which of the following processes requires energy input and moves substances against their concentration gradient across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 7

A scientist observes a bacterial cell with a thick, organized, and firmly attached outer layer. This structure is most likely a:

Accepted Answer

Capsule

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a function of prokaryotic inclusions?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Question 9

Which of the following statements about the endosymbiotic theory is supported by evidence?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have circular DNA and ribosomes similar to those of bacteria.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the arrangement and structure of eukaryotic flagella?

Accepted Answer

Composed of tubulin and arranged in a 9 + 2 microtubule pattern

Question 11

A bacterial cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

Water will move out of the cell, causing plasmolysis.

Question 12

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Presence of sterols and carbohydrates for cell recognition

Question 13

Which of the following antibiotics would be most effective against Gram-positive bacteria due to its mechanism of action?

Accepted Answer

Penicillin, because it inhibits the formation of peptide cross-bridges in peptidoglycan

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of fimbriae in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Attachment to surfaces and biofilm formation

Question 15

Which of the following is true regarding the nucleoid of a prokaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

It contains a single, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct statement about the movement of molecules across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion requires membrane proteins, while simple diffusion does not.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prokaryotic ribosomes?

Accepted Answer

They are found in the cytoplasm and on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why Gram-negative bacteria are less susceptible to penicillin than Gram-positive bacteria?

Accepted Answer

The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria blocks access of penicillin to its target.

Question 19

Which of the following is a unique feature of archaeal cell walls compared to bacterial cell walls?

Accepted Answer

Presence of pseudomurein lacking NAM and D-amino acids

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Structure, Function, and Comparison

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