Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, while eukaryotic cells possess both.

Question 2

A bacterium is observed to have a thick, rigid cell wall composed of multiple layers of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids. Which type of bacterium is this most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive bacterium

Question 3

Which of the following arrangements describes cocci that divide in multiple planes and form grape-like clusters?

Accepted Answer

Staphylococci

Question 4

A scientist isolates a bacterium that is helical, flexible, and moves via axial filaments. Which group does this bacterium most likely belong to?

Accepted Answer

Spirochete

Question 5

Which of the following is a function of the bacterial glycocalyx?

Accepted Answer

It helps bacteria attach to surfaces and contributes to biofilm formation.

Question 6

Which structure is responsible for the transfer of DNA between bacterial cells during conjugation?

Accepted Answer

Conjugation (sex) pilus

Question 7

A bacterium is found to survive boiling water for several hours. Which structure is most likely responsible for this resistance?

Accepted Answer

Endospore

Question 8

Which of the following statements about Gram-negative bacteria is CORRECT?

Accepted Answer

Their outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with Lipid A as an endotoxin.

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why Mycoplasma species are resistant to antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis?

Accepted Answer

They lack a cell wall and have sterols in their plasma membrane.

Question 10

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of eukaryotic flagella compared to prokaryotic flagella?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic flagella move in a wavelike manner due to a 9+2 arrangement of microtubules.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the composition of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls?

Accepted Answer

A polymer of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) linked by polypeptides.

Question 12

A patient is infected with a bacterium that stains acid-fast. Which component of the cell wall is responsible for this staining property?

Accepted Answer

High concentration of mycolic acid

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of teichoic acids in Gram-positive bacteria?

Accepted Answer

They regulate movement of cations and provide antigenic specificity.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why antibiotics that inhibit 70S ribosomes are selectively toxic to bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Bacterial ribosomes are 70S, while eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes are 80S.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a function of the bacterial plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Site of protein synthesis

Question 16

A bacterium is observed to have fimbriae. Which of the following is a likely function of these structures?

Accepted Answer

Attachment to surfaces and formation of biofilms

Question 17

Which of the following statements about the arrangement of bacterial flagella is correct?

Accepted Answer

Monotrichous bacteria have a single flagellum at one pole.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the process of sporulation in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Formation of a resistant endospore when nutrients are depleted

Question 19

Which of the following is a unique feature of the plasma membrane of Mycoplasma species?

Accepted Answer

Presence of sterols

Question 20

Which of the following is true regarding the ribosomes found in mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

They are 70S ribosomes, similar to those in prokaryotes.

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

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