Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of the complement system in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

It consists of blood proteins that lyse pathogens and enhance phagocytosis.

Question 2

A patient with type I diabetes mellitus is experiencing autoimmune destruction of pancreatic cells. Which cell type is primarily targeted in this disease?

Accepted Answer

Beta cells

Question 3

Which antibody class is most abundant in serum and is responsible for long-term immunity and crossing the placenta?

Accepted Answer

IgG

Question 4

A newborn is at risk for hemolytic disease due to Rh incompatibility. Which intervention is used to prevent this condition?

Accepted Answer

Administration of RhoGAM to the mother

Question 5

Which of the following is a function of neutrophils in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis of microbes as first responders

Question 6

A patient develops hay fever and asthma due to an allergic reaction. Which hypersensitivity type and antibody class are involved?

Accepted Answer

Type I hypersensitivity, IgE

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the difference between primary and secondary immune responses?

Accepted Answer

Secondary response is faster, stronger, and dominated by IgG antibodies.

Question 8

Which cell type is responsible for presenting antigens to T cells and is characterized by expression of MHC II molecules?

Accepted Answer

Macrophages

Question 9

A blood transfusion mismatch can lead to agglutination and hemolysis. Which of the following equations best represents the calculation of the risk of transfusion reaction based on antibody-antigen compatibility?

Accepted Answer

$$Risk = \frac{Number\ of\ incompatible\ antigens}{Total\ antigens}$$

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a function of plasma cells?

Accepted Answer

Present antigens to T cells

Question 11

A patient with multiple sclerosis is experiencing immune-mediated destruction of myelin sheaths. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is most likely involved?

Accepted Answer

Type IV

Question 12

Which of the following statements about MHC I and MHC II molecules is correct?

Accepted Answer

MHC I presents antigens to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells.

Question 13

Which epidemiological term describes the number of new cases of a disease in a population over a specific period?

Accepted Answer

Incidence rate

Question 14

A DNA vaccine introduces plasmid DNA encoding antigenic proteins. What is the primary immune response mechanism triggered by this vaccine?

Accepted Answer

Stimulation of cytotoxic T cells via MHC I presentation

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of an opportunistic pathogen?

Accepted Answer

A bacterium that causes disease only in immunocompromised hosts

Question 16

Which immune cell type is most involved in killing virus-infected and cancer cells?

Accepted Answer

NK cells

Question 17

A patient with rheumatoid arthritis is experiencing joint inflammation due to immune complex deposition. Which hypersensitivity type is this?

Accepted Answer

Type III

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of helper T cells?

Accepted Answer

Activate B cells and other immune cells

Question 19

Which formula best represents the calculation of prevalence in epidemiology?

Accepted Answer

$$Prevalence = \frac{Total\ cases}{Population}$$

Question 20

Which of the following is a key feature of IgM antibodies?

Accepted Answer

First antibody made during an immune response

Immune System and Microbial Disease: Core Concepts for Microbiology

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