Question 1

Which of the following is a feature of innate immunity but NOT of acquired (adaptive) immunity?

Accepted Answer

Physical barriers

Question 2

A patient is exposed to a pathogen for the first time. Which immune response is expected to act first, and what is its main characteristic?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity; non-specific and immediate

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the process of phagocytosis in innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

Engulfment and digestion of microbes by macrophages and neutrophils

Question 4

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the secondary immune response compared to the primary immune response?

Accepted Answer

IgG titer is higher and rises more rapidly in the secondary response

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of acquired, passive, and natural immunity?

Accepted Answer

Maternal antibodies transferred to fetus via placenta

Question 6

Which of the following cell types is primarily responsible for antibody production?

Accepted Answer

B lymphocytes (plasma cells)

Question 7

A patient receives a vaccine made from a toxoid. What type of immunity is being stimulated?

Accepted Answer

Acquired, active, artificial immunity

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of cytokines in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

They are signaling molecules that mediate and regulate immunity and inflammation

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the process of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Vasodilation → Margination → Diapedesis → Phagocytosis

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why the skin is an effective barrier to infection?

Accepted Answer

It is a dry, tightly packed, keratinized surface that is difficult for microbes to penetrate

Question 11

Which of the following statements about complement activation is correct?

Accepted Answer

It enhances phagocytosis, causes cell lysis, and promotes inflammation

Question 12

A person with blood type A has which of the following antibodies in their plasma?

Accepted Answer

Anti-B antibodies

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of cytotoxic T cells?

Accepted Answer

They directly kill infected or abnormal host cells

Question 14

Which of the following is a characteristic of the humoral immune response?

Accepted Answer

It involves the production of antibodies by B cells

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the difference between active and passive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Active immunity results from exposure to antigen and development of memory; passive immunity is the transfer of pre-formed antibodies

Question 16

A laboratory test detects the ability of a patient's serum to agglutinate red blood cells. Which type of serological test is this?

Accepted Answer

Hemagglutination

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why a person who has recovered from measles is unlikely to get the disease again?

Accepted Answer

Immunological memory from adaptive immunity prevents reinfection

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct statement about the role of mast cells in hypersensitivity reactions?

Accepted Answer

They release histamine and other mediators upon degranulation

Question 19

A patient is given an injection of antivenom after a snake bite. What type of immunity is this?

Accepted Answer

Acquired, passive, artificial immunity

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of memory B cells?

Accepted Answer

They persist after an infection and respond rapidly upon re-exposure to the same antigen

Innate and Adaptive Immunity: Microbiology Study Guide

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