Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity is present at birth and acts rapidly, while adaptive immunity develops more slowly and has memory.

Question 2

A patient presents with a high white blood cell (WBC) count. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune disease

Question 3

Which of the following is a function of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

They bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and induce cytokine release.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a physical factor involved in the first line of defense?

Accepted Answer

Lysozyme in tears

Question 5

Which chemical factor in innate immunity is responsible for destroying bacterial cell walls?

Accepted Answer

Lysozyme

Question 6

A newborn is given a probiotic supplement. What is the most likely benefit of this intervention?

Accepted Answer

Enhancement of microbial antagonism to outcompete pathogens

Question 7

Which leukocyte is most abundant in normal blood and is primarily responsible for phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the process of opsonization?

Accepted Answer

Microorganisms are coated with serum proteins to enhance phagocytosis.

Question 9

During inflammation, which mediator is primarily responsible for vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

Histamine

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events during phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Chemotaxis → Adherence → Ingestion → Digestion

Question 11

A bacterial pathogen produces a capsule. Which immune process is most likely to be evaded by this structure?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 12

Which of the following is a consequence of complement activation?

Accepted Answer

Cytolysis of microbes

Question 13

Which pathway of complement activation is initiated by antibodies binding to antigens?

Accepted Answer

Classical pathway

Question 14

A patient with a genetic deficiency in C3 complement protein would most likely experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Increased susceptibility to bacterial infections

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the action of interferon-α and interferon-β?

Accepted Answer

They induce neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication.

Question 16

Which iron-binding protein is primarily found in milk, saliva, and mucus?

Accepted Answer

Lactoferrin

Question 17

A patient develops a fever after a bacterial infection. Which of the following best explains the physiological mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Cytokines stimulate the hypothalamus to release prostaglandins, raising the set point for body temperature.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of C3b in the complement system?

Accepted Answer

Opsonization

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of normal microbiota in innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

They compete with pathogens for nutrients and produce substances harmful to pathogens.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct statement about the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

Lymph carries microbes to lymph nodes where they are destroyed by lymphocytes and macrophages.

Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses of the Host – Study Notes

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