Question 1

Which of the following best describes a silent mutation in a gene?

Accepted Answer

A mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence due to the redundancy of the genetic code.

Question 2

A researcher exposes bacterial cells to ultraviolet (UV) light, which causes the formation of thymine dimers in DNA. What type of mutagen is UV light?

Accepted Answer

Physical mutagen

Question 3

Which process involves the direct transfer of DNA from one bacterial cell to another via a pilus?

Accepted Answer

Conjugation

Question 4

In the Griffith experiment, what was the key finding regarding bacterial transformation?

Accepted Answer

Non-virulent bacteria can become virulent by acquiring DNA from dead virulent bacteria.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a major type of gene transfer in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Replication

Question 6

What is the primary function of restriction enzymes in recombinant DNA technology?

Accepted Answer

To cut DNA at specific sequences

Question 7

Which equation would you use to calculate the number of bacteria present after $$n$$ generations, starting with $$N_0$$ bacteria?

Accepted Answer

$$N = N_0$ 	imes 2^n$$

Question 8

A patient is prescribed penicillin, but the infection does not improve. Laboratory tests show the bacteria produce beta-lactamase. What is the most likely reason for the antibiotic's failure?

Accepted Answer

The bacteria are resistant due to beta-lactamase breaking down penicillin.

Question 9

Which of the following antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit?

Accepted Answer

Tetracycline

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the CRISPR-Cas system in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

A system for gene editing and defense against viruses

Question 11

A scientist wants to insert a human gene into a bacterial plasmid. Which enzyme is required to join the human gene to the plasmid DNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA ligase

Question 12

Which of the following is a real-world application of recombinant DNA technology?

Accepted Answer

Production of human insulin in bacteria

Question 13

Which of the following best explains how bacteria acquire antibiotic resistance?

Accepted Answer

By gene transfer mechanisms such as conjugation, transformation, and transduction

Question 14

Which chemical agent is most effective for sterilization of heat-sensitive medical equipment?

Accepted Answer

Ethylene oxide

Question 15

A hospital uses autoclaving to sterilize surgical instruments. What is the principle behind autoclaving?

Accepted Answer

Moist heat under pressure

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of aminoglycoside antibiotics?

Accepted Answer

Inhibition of protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit

Question 17

Which of the following is a common adverse effect of antimicrobial drugs?

Accepted Answer

Allergic reactions

Question 18

Which of the following best describes a transgenic organism?

Accepted Answer

An organism that contains foreign DNA introduced by genetic engineering

Question 19

Which of the following is a method used to prevent microbial contamination in food storage?

Accepted Answer

Refrigeration

Question 20

Which of the following best explains the difference between antisepsis and disinfection?

Accepted Answer

Antisepsis is used on living tissue, while disinfection is used on inanimate objects.

Microbial Genetics, Biotechnology, and Control of Microbial Growth: Study Guide

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