Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between genotype and phenotype in a bacterial cell?

Accepted Answer

Genotype is the set of genes an organism carries, while phenotype is the expression of those genes as observable traits.

Question 2

Which statement correctly compares bacterial and eukaryotic genomes?

Accepted Answer

Bacterial genomes are circular and haploid, while eukaryotic genomes are linear and diploid.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a key type of plasmid found in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrial plasmid

Question 4

During bacterial DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing the RNA primer?

Accepted Answer

Primase

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the directionality and nature of bacterial DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Replication is semi-conservative and proceeds bidirectionally from the origin.

Question 6

In bacterial transcription, what is the function of the promoter?

Accepted Answer

It is the binding site for RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.

Question 7

Which of the following is a post-transcriptional modification unique to eukaryotic mRNA?

Accepted Answer

Addition of a 5' cap

Question 8

During translation in bacteria, what is the role of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence?

Accepted Answer

It helps position the ribosome on the mRNA for correct initiation.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about operons is correct?

Accepted Answer

An operon is a group of genes regulated by a single promoter and operator.

Question 10

The lac operon is an example of which type of gene regulation?

Accepted Answer

Inducible

Question 11

Why is the regulation of the trp operon important for bacterial cells?

Accepted Answer

It ensures tryptophan is synthesized only when needed, conserving energy and resources.

Question 12

A riboswitch in Yersinia pestis regulates virulence genes. What is the mechanism by which riboswitches typically function?

Accepted Answer

They alter mRNA structure in response to small molecules, affecting translation.

Question 13

Which of the following is a possible effect of a point mutation?

Accepted Answer

Silent mutation

Question 14

A mutagen is best defined as:

Accepted Answer

An agent that increases the frequency of mutations.

Question 15

Which process describes the transfer of genetic material from parent to offspring?

Accepted Answer

Vertical gene transfer

Question 16

Homologous recombination is important in horizontal gene transfer because:

Accepted Answer

It allows integration of foreign DNA into the host genome at similar sequences.

Question 17

Which method of horizontal gene transfer involves the uptake of naked DNA from the environment?

Accepted Answer

Transformation

Question 18

Conjugation in bacteria requires which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A pilus and direct cell-to-cell contact

Question 19

HFR cells are characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Having a plasmid integrated into the chromosome, allowing high-frequency transfer of chromosomal genes.

Question 20

Transduction is defined as:

Accepted Answer

Transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another via a bacteriophage.

Microbial Genetics Study Guide – Key Concepts and Processes

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