Q: Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

$$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$$

Question 1

Which scientist's experiment first demonstrated that a 'transforming factor' could transfer genetic information between bacteria, leading to a change in phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Frederick Griffith

Question 2

In the Hershey-Chase experiment, which molecule was labeled with radioactive phosphorus to trace its entry into bacterial cells?

Accepted Answer

DNA

Question 3

According to Chargaff's rules, if a DNA sample from an organism contains 27% adenine, what is the expected percentage of cytosine?

Accepted Answer

$$23\%$$

Question 4

Which scientist(s) used X-ray diffraction to help determine the double helix structure of DNA?

Accepted Answer

Rosalind Franklin

Question 5

During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix at the replication fork?

Accepted Answer

Helicase

Question 6

In the Meselson-Stahl experiment, which model of DNA replication was supported by the experimental results?

Accepted Answer

Semi-conservative

Question 7

Which enzyme synthesizes short RNA primers needed to initiate DNA synthesis during replication?

Accepted Answer

Primase

Question 8

What is the function of DNA ligase during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand

Question 9

Which of the following statements about the leading and lagging strands during DNA replication is correct?

Accepted Answer

The leading strand is synthesized continuously, while the lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments

Question 10

During transcription, which DNA strand has the same sequence as the RNA transcript (except for uracil replacing thymine)?

Accepted Answer

Coding strand

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 12

Which type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation?

Accepted Answer

tRNA

Question 13

What is the main function of the E site on the ribosome during translation?

Accepted Answer

Holds the tRNA that is exiting the ribosome

Question 14

Which of the following is a consequence of the redundancy of the genetic code?

Accepted Answer

Multiple codons can code for the same amino acid

Question 15

Which enzyme removes RNA primers and replaces them with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase I

Question 16

Which of the following statements about transcription in eukaryotes is correct?

Accepted Answer

RNA processing (capping, polyadenylation, splicing) occurs before translation

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a property shared by RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase?

Accepted Answer

Proofreading and exonuclease activity

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of topoisomerase during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Relieves tension ahead of the replication fork by cutting and rejoining DNA strands

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of DNA methylation in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Marks parental DNA strands for mismatch repair

Question 20

A mutation changes a codon from UAU to UAA. What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation

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