Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the net ATP yield from glycolysis per molecule of glucose?

$$4 \times ATP_{produced} - 2 \times ATP_{used} = 2$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between catabolic and anabolic pathways in microbial metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Catabolic pathways break down larger molecules into smaller products and release energy, while anabolic pathways synthesize macromolecules from smaller molecules and require energy.

Question 2

A microbe is placed in an environment with no available terminal electron acceptor. Which metabolic pathway will it most likely use to continue generating ATP?

Accepted Answer

Fermentation

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly represents the net ATP yield from glycolysis per molecule of glucose?

Accepted Answer

$$4 	imes ATP_{produced} - 2 	imes ATP_{used} = 2$$

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT an essential component of a metabolic pathway?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes

Question 5

A bacterium is found to grow optimally at pH 9.5. Which term best describes this organism?

Accepted Answer

Alkaliphile

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are necessary for metabolic reactions?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy, allowing reactions to proceed more rapidly at cellular temperatures.

Question 7

A patient is prescribed an antibiotic with a high therapeutic index (TI). What does this indicate about the drug?

Accepted Answer

It is relatively safe for humans, with a large margin between effective and toxic doses.

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct description of a redox reaction in microbial metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Oxidation is the loss of electrons, and reduction is the gain of electrons; both always occur together.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the function of the electron transport chain (ETC) in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

It transfers electrons to create a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.

Question 10

A bacterial culture is in the log phase of growth. Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

The bacteria are dividing at a constant, maximum rate and are most susceptible to antibiotics.

Question 11

Which of the following equations is used to estimate the number of bacteria after a certain number of generations?

Accepted Answer

$$N_t = N_0$ 	imes 2^n$$

Question 12

Which of the following is a mechanism by which bacteria can acquire antibiotic resistance?

Accepted Answer

By spontaneous mutation or horizontal gene transfer of R plasmids.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of precursor metabolites in metabolism?

Accepted Answer

They are intermediate molecules that can be used to synthesize macromolecule subunits.

Question 14

A virus infects only human liver cells but not other cell types. What is the most likely explanation for this specificity?

Accepted Answer

The virus attachment proteins specifically bind to receptors found only on human liver cells.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct sequence of steps in the viral life cycle?

Accepted Answer

Attachment, entry, uncoating, assembly, release

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the difference between antigenic drift and antigenic shift in viruses?

Accepted Answer

Antigenic drift is a minor genetic change due to small mutations, while antigenic shift is a major change due to reassortment of viral genomes.

Question 17

Which of the following is a characteristic of prions?

Accepted Answer

They are highly resistant to heat, radiation, and chemicals.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why broad-spectrum antibiotics can have more side effects than narrow-spectrum antibiotics?

Accepted Answer

They target a wider range of bacterial species, including beneficial microbiota.

Question 19

A patient is infected with a bacterium that lacks a cell wall. Which class of antibiotics would be ineffective against this bacterium?

Accepted Answer

β-lactam antibiotics

Question 20

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating the therapeutic index (TI) of an antibiotic?

Accepted Answer

$$TI = \frac{TD_{50}}{ED_{50}}$$

Microbial Metabolism, Growth, and Control: Study Notes for Microbiology Students

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard