Question 1

Which of the following best describes the speed, specificity, and memory of the innate immune system?

Accepted Answer

Rapid response, non-specific, no immunological memory

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a major category of innate defenses?

Accepted Answer

Adaptive immunity

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of a barrier defense in the innate immune system?

Accepted Answer

Skin and mucous membranes

Question 4

What is a PAMP, and which of the following is an example?

Accepted Answer

Pathogen-associated molecular pattern; lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Question 5

In the context of the TLR4 pathway shown in the diagram, what is the primary outcome of LPS recognition by TLR4?

Accepted Answer

Production of proinflammatory cytokines

Question 6

Which of the following best explains the role of chemotaxis in neutrophil recruitment during acute inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Movement of neutrophils toward a chemical gradient of inflammatory mediators

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Fever

Question 8

What is the main function of the membrane attack complex (MAC) in innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

Lysis of pathogen cell membranes

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the function of Type I interferons during viral infection?

Accepted Answer

Induce antiviral states in neighboring cells

Question 10

Which statement about NK cells and 'missing self' is correct?

Accepted Answer

NK cells kill cells lacking normal MHC I expression

Question 11

Which pathway of complement activation requires antibodies for initiation?

Accepted Answer

Classical pathway

Question 12

What is the primary goal of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

To contain and eliminate pathogens and initiate tissue repair

Question 13

Why must inflammation be balanced by anti-inflammatory mechanisms, as shown in the diagram?

Accepted Answer

To prevent tissue damage and maintain homeostasis

Question 14

Which of the following best describes adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Highly specific, generates immunological memory, involves B and T cell receptors

Question 15

What is clonal selection in the adaptive immune system?

Accepted Answer

Activation and proliferation of lymphocytes with receptors specific to an antigen

Question 16

Which of the following best defines an antigen and an epitope?

Accepted Answer

An antigen is a molecule recognized by the immune system; an epitope is the specific region bound by an antibody

Question 17

Which statement correctly compares MHC I and MHC II molecules?

Accepted Answer

MHC I presents endogenous antigens to CD8 T cells; MHC II presents exogenous antigens to CD4 T cells

Question 18

What is the outcome of the 3-signal model of T cell activation?

Accepted Answer

T cell proliferation and differentiation into effector cells

Question 19

Which antibody isotype is primarily responsible for mucosal immunity?

Accepted Answer

IgA

Question 20

What is the main difference between primary and secondary immune responses?

Accepted Answer

Secondary response is faster and produces higher affinity antibodies

Microbiology Exam 2 Study Guide: Innate & Adaptive Immunity, Immunization

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