Question 1

Which of the following best describes an endergonic reaction in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

A reaction that requires an input of energy, such as the synthesis of glucose from CO$$_2$$ and H$$_2O.$$

Question 2

A cell can force an endergonic reaction to occur by:

Accepted Answer

Coupling the reaction to an exergonic reaction, such as ATP hydrolysis: $$\mathrm{ATP} \rightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P_i}.$$

Question 3

Which of the following statements about competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibition is correct?

Accepted Answer

Non-competitive inhibitors decrease $$V_{max}$$, while competitive inhibitors increase $$K_m$$ without affecting $$V_{max}.$$

Question 4

During cellular respiration, which stage(s) require oxygen as the final electron acceptor?

Accepted Answer

Electron transport chain (ETC) only

Question 5

In the absence of oxygen, which process allows recycling of NAD$$^+$$ and removal of pyruvate in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Fermentation

Question 6

How many ATP molecules are typically produced from one NADH molecule during aerobic respiration in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

$$2.5$$ - $$3$$

Question 7

Where do the breakdown products of fatty acids (after beta-oxidation) enter the cellular respiration pathway?

Accepted Answer

Krebs cycle as acetyl-CoA

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the bacterial chromosome?

Accepted Answer

Circular, double-stranded DNA with a single origin of replication

Question 9

What is the function of DNA ligase during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand by forming phosphodiester bonds

Question 10

Which of the following is a frameshift mutation?

Accepted Answer

An insertion or deletion of nucleotides not in multiples of three, altering the reading frame

Question 11

Which of the following statements about tRNAs is correct?

Accepted Answer

There are multiple tRNAs for leucine but only one tRNA for methionine.

Question 12

What is the Ames test used for?

Accepted Answer

To assess the mutagenic potential of chemical compounds

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of a product made by recombinant DNA technology?

Accepted Answer

Insulin produced by genetically engineered E. coli

Question 14

Which enzyme is used to synthesize complementary DNA (cDNA) from an mRNA template?

Accepted Answer

Reverse transcriptase

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT required in a standard PCR reaction tube?

Accepted Answer

DNA ligase

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of a restriction endonuclease?

Accepted Answer

Cuts DNA at specific recognition sequences

Question 17

Which of the following best describes sterilization?

Accepted Answer

The destruction of all forms of microbial life, including endospores

Question 18

Which of the following agents is bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal?

Accepted Answer

Refrigeration at $$4^\circC$$

Question 19

Which of the following is the correct order of general antimicrobial effectiveness (from most to least) for the following compounds: 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, 3% hydrogen peroxide, 1% carbolic acid (phenol), 70% isopropyl alcohol?

Accepted Answer

0.5% sodium hypochlorite \u003e 3% hydrogen peroxide \u003e 70% isopropyl alcohol \u003e 1% carbolic acid

Question 20

A hospital laboratory is testing the effectiveness of its autoclave. Which of the following is the best indicator of successful sterilization?

Accepted Answer

Destruction of endospores of Geobacillus stearothermophilus

Microbiology Exam 2 Study Guide – Step-by-Step Guidance

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