Question 1

Which of the following best describes a virion?

Accepted Answer

A fully assembled, infectious virus particle outside a host cell

Question 2

A patient presents with high fever, severe headache, stiff neck, and photophobia. Which of the following is the most appropriate immediate action?

Accepted Answer

Suspect meningitis and seek urgent medical evaluation

Question 3

Which of the following statements correctly distinguishes antibiotics from vaccines in the context of viruses and bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Antibiotics are effective against bacteria but not viruses, while vaccines can be developed for both

Question 4

Which of the following best describes a chemoheterotroph?

Accepted Answer

An organism that obtains both energy and carbon from organic compounds

Question 5

Which of the following is a key difference between RNA and DNA viruses?

Accepted Answer

RNA viruses often replicate in the cytoplasm, while DNA viruses typically replicate in the nucleus

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of a lysogenic bacteriophage contributing to human disease?

Accepted Answer

Corynebacterium diphtheriae producing diphtheria toxin after lysogenic conversion

Question 7

Which phase of bacterial growth is characterized by rapid cell division and a constant generation time?

Accepted Answer

Exponential phase

Question 8

A virus that can integrate its genome into the host cell's DNA and remain dormant is called a:

Accepted Answer

Provirus

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the host range of a virus?

Accepted Answer

The spectrum of host cells a virus can infect

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a basic characteristic of life that viruses possess?

Accepted Answer

Independent metabolism

Question 11

Which enzyme is essential for retroviruses to synthesize DNA from their RNA genome?

Accepted Answer

Reverse transcriptase

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the cytopathic effect (CPE) in viral infections?

Accepted Answer

Observable structural changes in host cells due to viral infection

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct statement about the cultivation of viruses in the laboratory?

Accepted Answer

Viruses require living cells for cultivation, unlike bacteria which can grow on nutrient agar

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of a virus known to initiate tumors in humans?

Accepted Answer

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

Question 15

A cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

Water will move out of the cell, causing it to shrink

Question 16

Which of the following best describes active transport in microbial cells?

Accepted Answer

Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient using energy, often in the form of ATP

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct statement about viral structure compared to eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Viruses lack organelles and ribosomes, while eukaryotic cells possess both

Question 18

Which of the following is the next best protective action against viral infections, aside from vaccination?

Accepted Answer

Practicing good hygiene, such as frequent handwashing

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct example of a symbiotic relationship involving microorganisms?

Accepted Answer

Bacteria in the human gut producing vitamins for the host

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why viruses are considered obligate intracellular parasites?

Accepted Answer

They require a host cell's machinery to replicate and synthesize proteins

Microbiology Test Review: Viruses & Microbial Nutrition – Step-by-Step Study Guidance

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