Question 1

Which of the following statements best explains why vulvovaginal candidiasis (yeast infection) can occur even without exposure to a new pathogen?

Accepted Answer

Candida spp. are part of the normal vaginal microbiome and can overgrow when the balance is disrupted.

Question 2

A 70-year-old woman presents with pain and burning during urination, increased frequency, and lower abdominal discomfort, but no vulvar symptoms. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by uropathogenic E. coli

Question 3

Which diagnostic method is most sensitive and accurate for detecting Trichomonas vaginalis infection, but is slow and takes 3-7 days?

Accepted Answer

Culture

Question 4

Which of the following is a key virulence factor of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) that contributes to its ability to cause cancer?

Accepted Answer

Production of proteins that disrupt cell cycle checkpoints

Question 5

A sexually active patient presents with abnormal vaginal discharge, burning when urinating, and vaginal pain. Which FIVE infections are most likely?

Accepted Answer

Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Trichomoniasis, Bacterial vaginosis, Vulvovaginal candidiasis

Question 6

Which preventative measure is most effective for reducing recurrence of vulvovaginal candidiasis?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining a healthy vaginal microbiome by avoiding unnecessary antibiotics and using dry, breathable clothing

Question 7

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the treatment of HSV-2 (genital herpes)?

Accepted Answer

Antivirals can shorten outbreaks and lower transmission risk, but the infection is lifelong and not curable.

Question 8

Which population group has the highest rate of vulvovaginal candidiasis according to prevalence data?

Accepted Answer

Women aged 12-30 years

Question 9

What is the main reason why the prevalence of HSV-1 increases with age in the population?

Accepted Answer

HSV-1 is a lifelong infection, so prevalence accumulates over time.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the life cycle of Trichomonas vaginalis?

Accepted Answer

It exists only as a trophozoite, replicates in the urethral opening and/or vagina, and is transmitted by direct sexual contact.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for developing vulvovaginal candidiasis?

Accepted Answer

Frequent exercise

Question 12

A non-sexually active 13-year-old presents with vulvar redness, vaginal itching, burning, pain, and discharge. Which TWO infections are most likely?

Accepted Answer

Vulvovaginal candidiasis and UTI

Question 13

Which of the following statements about HPV vaccine (Gardasil) is correct?

Accepted Answer

It is composed of empty virus capsids (viral-like particles) and protects against multiple HPV strains.

Question 14

Which diagnostic test is commonly used to screen for cervical cancer caused by HPV?

Accepted Answer

Pap smear

Question 15

Which of the following symptoms is LEAST likely to be associated with vulvovaginal candidiasis?

Accepted Answer

Frothy, foul-smelling discharge

Question 16

A 22-year-old male presents for STI screening with no current symptoms. Which infections could be detected via screening?

Accepted Answer

Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Trichomoniasis, HIV, HPV, HSV-2

Question 17

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of Trichomonas vaginalis compared to Candida albicans?

Accepted Answer

Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protozoan parasite, while Candida albicans is a yeast fungus.

Question 18

Which equation best represents the percentage of the US population with high-risk HPV strains, given that 40% have HPV and 20% of those have high-risk strains?

Accepted Answer

$$0.40 	imes 0.20 = 0.08 (8$$% of the population)

Question 19

Which of the following is TRUE regarding neonatal herpes?

Accepted Answer

It is transferred to the baby during delivery and can cause skin, eye, mouth, CNS, or disseminated infection.

Other Urogenital Infections: Microbial Pathogens, Diagnosis, and Treatment

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