Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the infection fatality ratio (IFR)?

$$\text{IFR} = \frac{\text{deaths from the disease}}{\text{total infections}}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between incidence and prevalence of a disease?

Accepted Answer

Incidence is the number of people who develop a disease during a particular time period, while prevalence is the number of people who have a disease at a specified time, regardless of when it first appeared.

Question 2

A patient develops pneumonia after being hospitalized for a surgical procedure. Which term best describes this infection?

Accepted Answer

Healthcare-associated infection (HAI)

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT one of Koch’s postulates?

Accepted Answer

The pathogen must be present in some cases of the disease.

Question 4

Which of the following best illustrates mutualism in the human microbiome?

Accepted Answer

E. coli in the large intestine, where both the bacteria and the host benefit.

Question 5

A disease that is constantly present in a population is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Endemic

Question 6

Which of the following is a predisposing factor for disease?

Accepted Answer

All of the above

Question 7

Which of the following equations correctly represents the infection fatality ratio (IFR)?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{IFR} = \frac{	ext{deaths from the disease}}{	ext{total infections}}$$

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of vehicle transmission?

Accepted Answer

Eating undercooked pork contaminated with Taenia solium

Question 9

Which of the following statements about normal microbiota is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

They can prevent the growth of pathogens through microbial antagonism.

Question 10

A patient is infected with a virus but shows no noticeable signs or symptoms. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Subclinical infection

Question 11

Which of the following is a reason why some pathogens do NOT fulfill all of Koch’s postulates?

Accepted Answer

Some pathogens can cause several disease conditions.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes herd immunity?

Accepted Answer

Immunity in most of a population

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of a zoonosis?

Accepted Answer

Rabies transmitted from a dog to a human

Question 14

Which of the following is a method to prevent healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)?

Accepted Answer

Handwashing and environmental cleaning

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of biological transmission by a vector?

Accepted Answer

A tick transmitting Lyme disease after the pathogen multiplies inside the tick

Question 16

Which of the following is a communicable but not necessarily contagious disease?

Accepted Answer

Tuberculosis

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)?

Accepted Answer

Monitoring and reporting notifiable infectious diseases

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the prodromal period of a disease?

Accepted Answer

Short period after incubation with early, mild nonspecific symptoms

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of analytical epidemiology?

Accepted Answer

Determining probable causes or risk factors for a disease

Question 20

Which of the following is a likely contributing factor to the emergence of new infectious diseases?

Accepted Answer

Genetic recombination between organisms

Principles of Disease and Epidemiology – Microbiology Study Notes

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