Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the viral capsid?

Accepted Answer

It protects the viral nucleic acid genome from nucleases.

Question 2

A virus that lacks an envelope is most likely to enter a host cell by which mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Endocytosis

Question 3

Which of the following statements explains why RNA viruses mutate more rapidly than DNA viruses?

Accepted Answer

RNA-dependent RNA polymerases lack proofreading ability.

Question 4

Which equation best represents the exponential increase in viral genome copies during replication, assuming each cycle doubles the number of genomes?

Accepted Answer

$$N = N_0$ 	imes 2^n$$

Question 5

A patient contracts a viral infection through a mosquito bite. Which route of viral entry does this represent?

Accepted Answer

Skin (via arthropod vector)

Question 6

Which of the following is a key reason why antiviral drugs must be carefully designed?

Accepted Answer

They must target a process essential for viral replication without being toxic to the host.

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why viruses with segmented genomes are considered emerging pathogens with zoonotic potential?

Accepted Answer

Segmented genomes facilitate genetic reassortment, increasing diversity.

Question 8

A virus infects a host cell and produces a single, long polyprotein that is later cleaved into functional proteins. This strategy helps the virus overcome which host cell hurdle?

Accepted Answer

Restriction to monocistronic mRNA translation

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct comparison between DNA and RNA virus replication?

Accepted Answer

DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus, while most RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the process of viral uncoating?

Accepted Answer

The viral capsid is removed, releasing the genome into the host cell.

Question 11

A virus is shed in the feces of an infected individual and later ingested by another person through contaminated water. Which route of transmission is this?

Accepted Answer

Fecal-oral

Question 12

Which of the following is a molecular hurdle that viruses must overcome to successfully replicate in eukaryotic host cells?

Accepted Answer

Host cell ribosomes only translate monocistronic mRNAs.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the process of viral budding?

Accepted Answer

The virus acquires its envelope by fusing with the host cell membrane and is released without lysing the cell.

Question 14

Which of the following equations best describes the relationship between the infectious dose ($$ID_{50}) $$and the probability of infection?

Accepted Answer

$$P = 1 - e$$^{-k \cdot D}$$, where D$ is the dose and k$ is a constant

Question 15

Which of the following is a real-world example of vertical transmission of a virus?

Accepted Answer

A newborn acquires HIV from the mother during birth.

Question 16

Which of the following factors does NOT significantly affect the survival of viruses in the environment?

Accepted Answer

Genome size

Question 17

A virus that causes an acute infection followed by a persistent latent infection is best exemplified by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Herpes simplex virus

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of viral factories (replication compartments) in viral replication?

Accepted Answer

They are specialized regions in the host cell where viral replication and assembly are concentrated, increasing efficiency.

Question 19

Which of the following is a plausible reason why viruses are more stable in water than bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Viruses lack metabolic activity and are less susceptible to environmental changes.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains how receptor specificity determines the host range of a virus?

Accepted Answer

A virus can only infect cells that express the specific receptor recognized by its surface proteins.

Viral Molecular Biology: Structure, Replication, Entry, and Pathogenesis

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