$$\text{DNA} \xleftarrow{\text{Reverse Transcriptase}} \text{RNA}$$

$$\text{mRNA} \xrightarrow{\text{Translation}} \text{Protein}$$

Question 1

Which of the following statements best explains why viruses are considered obligate intracellular parasites?

Accepted Answer

Viruses require host cell machinery to replicate and propagate.

Question 2

A scientist is studying a virus that is resistant to antimicrobial chemicals. Based on its structure, which type of virus is it most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Naked nucleocapsid virus

Question 3

Which viral enzyme is specifically targeted by drugs such as AZT to inhibit HIV replication?

Accepted Answer

Reverse transcriptase

Question 4

During the viral multiplication cycle, which step involves the release of viral nucleic acid from the capsid?

Accepted Answer

Uncoating

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the host range of rabies virus?

Accepted Answer

Broad, infecting various cells of many mammals

Question 6

What is the primary structural difference between a naked virus and an enveloped virus?

Accepted Answer

Enveloped viruses have a phospholipid membrane derived from the host cell.

Question 7

Which viral shape is characterized by a hollow cylinder with nucleic acids inside?

Accepted Answer

Helical

Question 8

A patient is treated with Tamiflu for influenza. Which step of the viral life cycle is most directly inhibited by this drug?

Accepted Answer

Assembly and budding

Question 9

Which of the following equations correctly represents the process of reverse transcription in retroviruses?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA} \xleftarrow{	ext{Reverse Transcriptase}} 	ext{RNA}$$

Question 10

Which mechanism allows bacteriophages to release new viral particles from bacterial cells?

Accepted Answer

Cell lysis

Question 11

A virus is found to have segmented RNA genomes, requiring multiple particles to infect a host for replication. Which property does this illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Genome segmentation

Question 12

Which of the following is a cytopathic effect commonly observed in virally infected cells?

Accepted Answer

Formation of multinucleated cells

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the process of viral budding?

Accepted Answer

The nucleocapsid binds to the host membrane, which pinches off and sheds the virus gradually.

Question 14

Which of the following viruses is known to cause cancer by permanently altering host cell genetic material?

Accepted Answer

Papillomavirus

Question 15

Which step in the animal virus multiplication cycle is regulated by the availability of host cell surface markers?

Accepted Answer

Adsorption (Attachment)

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prions?

Accepted Answer

Contain nucleic acid

Question 17

Which laboratory method is most commonly used to detect viral infection by observing cell deterioration?

Accepted Answer

Cell culture with cytopathic effect (CPE) observation

Question 18

A bacterium acquires the ability to produce a toxin after infection by a lysogenic phage. What is this process called?

Accepted Answer

Transduction

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the genome of a typical virus?

Accepted Answer

Contains either DNA or RNA, but never both

Question 20

Which equation best represents the translation of viral mRNA into proteins?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{mRNA} \xrightarrow{	ext{Translation}} 	ext{Protein}$$

Virology: Structure, Classification, and Multiplication of Viruses

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