Q: Which equation best represents the balance of body fluids, considering intake and output?

$$\text{Fluid Intake} + \text{Metabolic Water} = \text{Urine} + \text{Feces} + \text{Sweat} + \text{Insensible Losses}$$

Question 1

Which of the following nutrients functions as a major electrolyte in the body and is primarily found in the extracellular fluid?

Accepted Answer

Sodium

Question 2

A patient presents with muscle cramps, confusion, and irregular heartbeat after running a marathon and drinking excessive water without electrolyte replacement. Which condition is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Hyponatremia

Question 3

Which equation best represents the balance of body fluids, considering intake and output?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Fluid Intake} + 	ext{Metabolic Water} = 	ext{Urine} + 	ext{Feces} + 	ext{Sweat} + 	ext{Insensible Losses}$$

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the thirst mechanism?

Accepted Answer

It is regulated by the hypothalamus in response to increased blood osmolality.

Question 5

A deficiency of which micronutrient is associated with the disease pellagra, and what are its classic symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Niacin; dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death

Question 6

Which of the following B-vitamins is directly involved in homocysteine metabolism and requires intrinsic factor for absorption?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin B12

Question 7

Which of the following best explains the relationship between folate and vitamin B12?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin B12 is necessary to regenerate active folate in the body.

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct definition of oxidation?

Accepted Answer

The loss of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion.

Question 9

Which micronutrient is a cofactor for the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase?

Accepted Answer

Selenium

Question 10

A patient with a history of hypertension is advised to follow the DASH diet. Which of the following recommendations is most consistent with this approach?

Accepted Answer

Increase intake of fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of carotenoids in the body?

Accepted Answer

They are phytochemicals with antioxidant properties that protect cells from free radical damage.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for cancer development?

Accepted Answer

High intake of fruits and vegetables

Question 13

Which vitamin is essential for collagen synthesis and acts as an antioxidant, with deficiency leading to scurvy?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin C

Question 14

Which of the following minerals is most closely associated with energy metabolism as a component of ATP?

Accepted Answer

Phosphorus

Question 15

A person presents with confusion, muscle weakness, and irregular heartbeat after prolonged vomiting. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Hypokalemia

Question 16

Which of the following is a key cancer prevention behavior recommended by health organizations?

Accepted Answer

Engage in regular physical activity

Question 17

Which vitamin plays a special role in vision, cell differentiation, growth, and immunity?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin A

Question 18

Which of the following best describes how the body regulates energy metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Through hormones such as insulin and glucagon that regulate glucose and fat metabolism.

Question 19

Which of the following is a disease associated with thiamin deficiency, and what is a classic symptom?

Accepted Answer

Beriberi; muscle weakness and nerve degeneration

Question 20

Which of the following best explains the damage caused by free radicals in the body?

Accepted Answer

They steal electrons from other molecules, causing oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA.

Nutrition Study Guide: Electrolytes, Fluid Balance, Micronutrients, Antioxidants, and Cancer

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