$$BMI = \\frac{weight \\ (kg)}{height \\ (m)^2$}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the initial event in the development of atherosclerosis?

Accepted Answer

Endothelial dysfunction leading to retention and modification of LDL in the intima

Question 2

A patient presents with high plasma LDL and low HDL. Which lipoprotein is most strongly associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis?

Accepted Answer

LDL

Question 3

Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for the reduction of LDL cholesterol by beta-glucans?

Accepted Answer

Viscous interference with bile acid and cholesterol reabsorption

Question 4

During the process of thrombosis in atherosclerosis, which step involves the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin?

Accepted Answer

Coagulation cascade activation

Question 5

Which formula correctly represents the calculation of Body Mass Index (BMI)?

Accepted Answer

$$BMI = \frac{weight \ (kg)}{height \ (m)^2$}$$

Question 6

Which of the following is a direct effect of insulin on skeletal muscle after a meal?

Accepted Answer

Stimulation of glucose uptake via GLUT4 translocation

Question 7

A patient with insulin resistance is most likely to have which of the following metabolic changes in the liver?

Accepted Answer

Increased hepatic glucose output

Question 8

Which of the following statements about plant stanols and sterols is correct?

Accepted Answer

They compete with cholesterol for absorption, reducing plasma cholesterol levels

Question 9

Which hormone is primarily responsible for lowering blood glucose levels after a meal?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 10

In the context of bone health, which mineral is most critical for bone formation and strength?

Accepted Answer

Calcium

Question 11

Which of the following best explains the mechanism by which physical inactivity contributes to insulin resistance?

Accepted Answer

Physical inactivity reduces muscle contraction-induced glucose uptake

Question 12

Which of the following is a key feature of the necrotic core in advanced atherosclerotic plaques?

Accepted Answer

Presence of lipid-rich debris, dead cells, and inflammatory mediators

Question 13

Which process is most directly impaired in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)?

Accepted Answer

Insulin sensitivity and secretion by beta cells

Question 14

Which of the following is a consequence of chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to cellular damage

Question 15

Which equation correctly represents the conversion of glucose to pyruvate during glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ \rightarrow 2 \ C_3H_4O_3$$

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of the skeletal system?

Accepted Answer

Support and protection of organs

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of AMPK in muscle during exercise?

Accepted Answer

AMPK activation increases glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation

Question 18

A patient with sarcopenia is most likely to experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Loss of muscle mass and function with aging

Question 19

Which of the following is a direct effect of ROS (reactive oxygen species) on physical performance?

Accepted Answer

ROS can impair muscle function and contribute to fatigue

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why statins are effective in lowering plasma cholesterol?

Accepted Answer

Statins inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, reducing cholesterol synthesis in the liver

Food, Nutrition, and Disease: Study Notes for Personal Health

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