Question 1

Which atomic model is depicted in the first image, and what is its main feature?

Accepted Answer

Thomson's 'plum pudding' model; electrons are embedded in a positively charged sphere.

Question 2

In the Bohr model, what determines the frequency of light emitted when an electron transitions between energy levels?

Accepted Answer

The energy difference between the two levels, given by $$\Delta E = h f.$$

Question 3

Referencing the second image, which transition (A, B, or C) releases the highest energy photon?

Accepted Answer

Transition C (n=3 to n=1)

Question 4

Which spectrum is unique for each element and can be used as an 'atomic fingerprint' for identification, as shown in the fourth image?

Accepted Answer

Both emission and absorption spectra

Question 5

What is the primary reason X-rays are used for medical imaging, as illustrated in the sixth image?

Accepted Answer

X-rays penetrate soft tissue but are absorbed by hard materials like bone.

Question 6

Which imaging technique reconstructs cross-sectional images from X-ray shadows, as shown in the seventh image?

Accepted Answer

CT scan (Computerized Tomography)

Question 7

What fundamental force is responsible for holding nucleons together in the nucleus, as depicted in the eighth image?

Accepted Answer

Strong nuclear force

Question 8

Which type of radiation is most penetrating, as shown in the tenth image?

Accepted Answer

Gamma rays

Question 9

When a radioactive atom emits an alpha particle, what happens to its atomic and mass numbers?

Accepted Answer

Atomic number decreases by 2, mass number decreases by 4

Question 10

Which equation describes the energy released in nuclear reactions due to mass defect?

Accepted Answer

$$E = \Delta m c^2$

Question 11

What is the main difference between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion?

Accepted Answer

Fission splits heavy nuclei; fusion combines light nuclei.

Question 12

If the half-life of a radioactive isotope is 2 days, what fraction remains after 6 days?

Accepted Answer

One eighth

Question 13

Why are isotopes of the same element chemically similar but have different nuclear properties?

Accepted Answer

They have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Question 14

Which radiation detector is commonly used to measure ionizing radiation in laboratories?

Accepted Answer

Geiger counter

Question 15

What is the biological effect of alpha radiation compared to beta radiation for the same absorbed dose?

Accepted Answer

Alpha radiation is about 10 times more damaging than beta radiation.

Question 16

Which process is responsible for the energy production in the Sun?

Accepted Answer

Nuclear fusion of hydrogen isotopes

Question 17

What is the main challenge in achieving controlled nuclear fusion for power generation?

Accepted Answer

Fusion requires extremely high temperatures and pressures.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about radioactive decay is correct?

Accepted Answer

The half-life is constant for a given isotope and independent of external conditions.

Question 19

What is the main application of radioactive tracers in medicine?

Accepted Answer

Tracing biochemical reactions in the body

Question 20

In a nuclear chain reaction, what is the role of neutrons released during fission?

Accepted Answer

They initiate further fission reactions, sustaining the chain reaction.

Atomic and Nuclear Physics: Structure, Radioactivity, and Nuclear Energy

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