$$\text{Intensity} \propto \text{Frequency of Action Potentials}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of neurons in the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

They transmit information in the form of electrical signals called action potentials.

Question 2

What is the role of glial cells in the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

They act as bodyguards, feeding and protecting neurons, and produce myelin.

Question 3

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is primarily caused by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Loss of myelin sheath produced by glial cells, leading to erratic neural signals.

Question 4

During the resting potential of a neuron, which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

The neuron is polarized, with a negative charge inside and positive outside.

Question 5

Which step in the firing of a neuron involves the influx of sodium ions (Na+) into the cell?

Accepted Answer

Action potential

Question 6

What is the 'all-or-none law' in relation to action potentials?

Accepted Answer

A neuron either fires completely or not at all, regardless of stimulus strength.

Question 7

After an action potential, which ion flows out of the neuron to repolarize the axon?

Accepted Answer

Potassium (K+)

Question 8

What is the refractory period in neuronal firing?

Accepted Answer

A brief period when the neuron cannot fire, regardless of stimulation.

Question 9

Which process describes the removal of excess neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft by reabsorption into the presynaptic neuron?

Accepted Answer

Reuptake

Question 10

A drug that mimics or enhances the effect of a neurotransmitter is called a(n):

Accepted Answer

Agonist

Question 11

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with pleasure, reward, and voluntary movement?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Question 12

Which neurotransmitter is most directly involved in learning and memory and is excitatory in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Glutamate

Question 13

Damage to which brain structure is most likely to result in the inability to form new long-term memories?

Accepted Answer

Hippocampus

Question 14

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is primarily responsible for planning, decision making, and executive functions?

Accepted Answer

Frontal lobe

Question 15

A patient with damage to Broca’s area would most likely experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Difficulty producing speech

Question 16

Which brain imaging technique involves the injection of a mildly radioactive substance to monitor changes in blood flow?

Accepted Answer

PET scan

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of the autonomic nervous system’s sympathetic division?

Accepted Answer

It prepares the body for fight or flight responses.

Question 18

Which neurotransmitter is inhibitory and helps dampen neural activity in the brain?

Accepted Answer

GABA

Question 19

Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between the frequency of action potentials and the intensity of a stimulus?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Intensity} \propto 	ext{Frequency of Action Potentials}$$

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why drugs like cocaine can prolong the effect of neurotransmitters in the synapse?

Accepted Answer

They block the reuptake of neurotransmitters, preventing their removal from the synaptic cleft.

Biological Psychology: Neurons, Glial Cells, and Neural Communication

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