Q: Which equation best represents the relationship between correlation and causation?

$$\text{Correlation} \neq \text{Causation}$$

Q: Which equation represents the concept of belief perseverance?

$$\text{Initial Belief} + \text{Contradictory Evidence} = \text{Initial Belief}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the scientific study of psychology?

Accepted Answer

The scientific study of the mind, brain, and behavior.

Question 2

Which principle of scientific thinking is violated when someone claims 'Bigfoot exists' without providing persuasive evidence?

Accepted Answer

Extraordinary claims

Question 3

A researcher finds that more ice cream is eaten on days that crimes occur. Which principle of scientific thinking should be applied to avoid misinterpreting this finding?

Accepted Answer

Correlation vs. causation

Question 4

Which of the following is a warning sign of pseudoscience?

Accepted Answer

Absence of connectivity to other research

Question 5

What is confirmation bias?

Accepted Answer

The tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypotheses and deny, dismiss, or distort evidence that contradicts them.

Question 6

Which theoretical framework in psychology focuses on the role of unconscious psychological processes and early life experiences?

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalysis

Question 7

A study finds that people who meditate score 50 points higher on an intelligence test than those who don’t. Which principle of scientific thinking should be applied to ensure the result is reliable?

Accepted Answer

Replicability

Question 8

Which type of psychologist is most likely to work with teachers, parents, and children to remedy students’ behavioral, emotional, and learning difficulties?

Accepted Answer

School psychologist

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of belief perseverance?

Accepted Answer

Continuing to believe in a health supplement’s effectiveness despite scientific evidence showing it does not work.

Question 10

Which level of analysis would focus on genetic variations that predispose people to depression?

Accepted Answer

Molecular

Question 11

Which equation best represents the relationship between correlation and causation?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Correlation} 
eq 	ext{Causation}$$

Question 12

Which principle of scientific thinking is illustrated by the claim 'Humans have an invisible energy field that influences their mood'?

Accepted Answer

Falsifiability

Question 13

Which psychologist would most likely conduct research on infants’ and children’s emotional, physiological, and cognitive processes and how these change with age?

Accepted Answer

Developmental psychologist

Question 14

Which theoretical perspective in psychology uses introspection to identify basic elements or 'structures' of experience?

Accepted Answer

Structuralism

Question 15

Which principle of scientific thinking is violated when a study in Iowa City claims that people are more successful when they live at least 50 miles away from their parents, but the sample is not representative of the general population?

Accepted Answer

Generalizability

Question 16

Which type of psychologist is most likely to work in companies to help select productive employees and evaluate performance?

Accepted Answer

Industrial-organizational psychologist

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of patternicity?

Accepted Answer

Seeing a face in the surface features of Mars.

Question 18

Which equation represents the concept of belief perseverance?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Initial Belief} + 	ext{Contradictory Evidence} = 	ext{Initial Belief}$$

Question 19

Which theoretical perspective in psychology focuses on observable behavior and the principles of learning?

Accepted Answer

Behaviorism

Question 20

Which principle of scientific thinking is illustrated by the need to rule out rival hypotheses when evaluating whether medication improves depression more than no treatment?

Accepted Answer

Ruling out rival hypotheses

Chapter 1: Psychology and Scientific Thinking – Foundations and Frameworks

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard