Question 1

According to the Stimulus-Substitution Theory of classical conditioning, what is the relationship between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US)?

Accepted Answer

The CS becomes a substitute for the US and should elicit a response identical or highly similar to the unconditioned response (UR).

Question 2

Which of the following best illustrates a problem with the Stimulus-Substitution Theory?

Accepted Answer

A rat jumps in response to a shock (US), but freezes in response to a light (CS) that predicts the shock.

Question 3

The Preparatory-Response Theory differs from the Stimulus-Substitution Theory in that it suggests:

Accepted Answer

The conditioned response (CR) prepares the organism for the US and does not have to be identical to the unconditioned response (UR).

Question 4

Which scenario best demonstrates the Compensatory-Response Model in drug use?

Accepted Answer

A heroin user overdoses after taking their usual dose in a new environment.

Question 5

According to the Rescorla-Wagner Theory, what happens when two conditioned stimuli (CSs) are presented together after being separately conditioned with the same unconditioned stimulus (US)?

Accepted Answer

The conditioned response (CR) to each CS decreases due to the overexpectation effect.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a key feature of phobias as described in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Phobias require repeated pairings of the CS and US to develop.

Question 7

A person is bitten by a dog and then repeatedly avoids dogs. Over time, their fear of dogs increases, even without another bite. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Incubation

Question 8

Which process explains why a person might develop or worsen agoraphobia during a period of unrelated high stress?

Accepted Answer

Selective sensitization

Question 9

Systematic desensitization for treating phobias involves all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Immediate, intense exposure to the feared stimulus.

Question 10

Which principle explains why systematic desensitization can reduce fear responses?

Accepted Answer

Counterconditioning and reciprocal inhibition

Question 11

Flooding as a treatment for phobias is characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Prolonged, intense exposure to the feared stimulus without escape.

Question 12

A hybrid treatment for phobias combines which two elements?

Accepted Answer

Gradual progression and intense exposure

Question 13

In participant modeling, what is the first step in helping a client overcome a phobia?

Accepted Answer

The client observes another person safely interacting with the feared stimulus.

Question 14

Aversion therapy aims to reduce the attractiveness of a problematic behavior by:

Accepted Answer

Pairing the behavior with an aversive stimulus.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes covert sensitization?

Accepted Answer

Imagining engaging in a problematic behavior and then imagining an aversive consequence.

Question 16

A person develops an allergic reaction to the sight of flowers after repeated pairings with pollen exposure. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Conditioned allergic reaction

Question 17

In the context of the placebo effect, what role does the appearance of the pill play in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a conditioned stimulus (CS) that comes to elicit the response of headache removal (CR).

Question 18

Which theory best explains why the same dose of a drug can have a much stronger effect in a new environment, increasing overdose risk?

Accepted Answer

Compensatory-Response Model

Question 19

Which of the following equations best represents the prediction of the Stimulus-Substitution Theory?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{US} ightarrow 	ext{UR}$$ 
 $$	ext{CS} ightarrow 	ext{CR} \approx 	ext{UR}$$

Question 20

Which of the following is a key prediction of the Rescorla-Wagner Theory?

Accepted Answer

The US has a limited capacity to support conditioning, and this capacity is distributed among competing CSs.

Classical Conditioning: Theories, Mechanisms, and Applications

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