Question 1

Which of the following best defines 'learning' as described in the study materials?

Accepted Answer

A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice and is generally controlled.

Question 2

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, which element is represented by the dog's salivation in response to the sound of a bell after repeated pairings with food?

Accepted Answer

Conditioned response (CR)

Question 3

A child learns to fear dogs after being bitten by one. Later, the child also fears cats and rabbits. Which classical conditioning concept does this illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization

Question 4

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates operant conditioning as defined by Skinner?

Accepted Answer

A student studies hard to receive praise from their teacher.

Question 5

Which schedule of reinforcement is most likely to produce a high, steady rate of responding with little pause after reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Variable ratio

Question 6

A teacher gives a student a sticker every time they complete their homework. This is an example of which type of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'latent learning'?

Accepted Answer

Learning that occurs without immediate reinforcement and may not be demonstrated until there is incentive.

Question 8

According to Seligman's studies, what is 'learned helplessness'?

Accepted Answer

A condition in which an organism learns it has no control over negative outcomes and stops trying to escape them.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a key process in observational learning according to Bandura?

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement

Question 10

A therapist uses Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) to help a child with autism learn to communicate. Which learning theory is most directly applied in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning

Question 11

Which equation best represents the process of classical conditioning as described by Pavlov?

Accepted Answer

$$CS \rightarrow CR$$

Question 12

A student receives a detention for talking during class, and as a result, talks less in the future. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Punishment by application

Question 13

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of 'biological preparedness' in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A person develops a fear of snakes more easily than a fear of flowers.

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of shaping in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Rewarding a rat for moving closer to a lever, then for touching the lever, and finally for pressing it.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about extinction in classical conditioning is correct?

Accepted Answer

Extinction occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS.

Question 16

A parent removes a child's video game privileges when the child fails to do homework, resulting in the child doing homework more often. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Punishment by removal

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers?

Accepted Answer

Primary reinforcers satisfy biological needs, while secondary reinforcers are associated with primary reinforcers.

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A factory worker is paid every Friday for the work done.

Question 19

In observational learning, which process involves remembering what was observed?

Accepted Answer

Memory

Question 20

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of 'insight learning' as demonstrated by Köhler's studies?

Accepted Answer

A chimpanzee suddenly solves a problem by combining previously learned elements.

Comprehensive Study Notes on Learning in Psychology

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard