Question 1

Which brain structure is primarily responsible for regulating circadian rhythms by synchronizing with light information from the retina?

Accepted Answer

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Question 2

During which stage of sleep are sleep spindles and K-complexes most commonly observed, and what is their proposed function?

Accepted Answer

Stage 2; they may help maintain sleep and play a role in memory storage

Question 3

A person wakes up feeling conscious but unable to move, experiencing chest pressure and a sense of a menacing presence. What sleep phenomenon are they most likely experiencing?

Accepted Answer

Sleep paralysis

Question 4

Which of the following is TRUE about REM sleep?

Accepted Answer

The body is paralyzed but the brain is highly active, with rapid eye movements.

Question 5

According to Freud, what is the difference between latent and manifest content in dreams?

Accepted Answer

Manifest content is the storyline of the dream; latent content is the hidden meaning.

Question 6

Which sleep disorder is characterized by a rapid and unexpected onset of sleep, often directly into REM, and is associated with a lack of orexin?

Accepted Answer

Narcolepsy

Question 7

What is the main difference between sleep deprivation and sleep displacement?

Accepted Answer

Sleep deprivation is a lack of sleep; sleep displacement is sleeping at abnormal times but still getting sleep.

Question 8

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of chronic shift work according to research?

Accepted Answer

Aging of the brain by more than 6 years and reversible decline in cognitive function

Question 9

Which neurotransmitter is most directly affected by cocaine, leading to its 'high'?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Question 10

A student reports difficulty falling asleep for at least 3 nights a week for over a month, with increased risk due to ADHD and depression. What sleep disorder is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Insomnia

Question 11

Which theory suggests that dreams help us reconsider and reprocess information critical for daily survival, allowing us to process information 24/7?

Accepted Answer

Problem-solving theory (evolutionary)

Question 12

What is the effect of caffeine on adenosine in the brain?

Accepted Answer

It blocks adenosine, preventing it from slowing down brain activity.

Question 13

Which of the following is TRUE about REM behavior disorder?

Accepted Answer

The person is not paralyzed during REM and can act out dreams.

Question 14

Which psychoactive drug is associated with both excitatory and depressive effects, memory impairment, and can trigger spontaneous, unrelated ideas and distorted perceptions?

Accepted Answer

Marijuana (THC)

Question 15

What is the main risk associated with combining barbiturates and alcohol?

Accepted Answer

Relaxation of diaphragm muscles leading to stopped breathing

Question 16

Which sleep disorder involves sudden waking episodes with screaming and confusion, most common in children and usually harmless?

Accepted Answer

Night terrors

Question 17

According to the activation-synthesis theory, what do dreams represent?

Accepted Answer

Attempts to make sense of random brain activity, often reflecting fears and emotions

Question 18

Which of the following is a depressant that increases GABA activity and was banned due to widespread recreational use?

Accepted Answer

Quaaludes (methaqualone)

Question 19

What is the effect of sleep deprivation on emotional regulation?

Accepted Answer

Increased amygdala activation and tendency to react to neutral images as if they were emotional

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the balanced-placebo design in alcohol research?

Accepted Answer

It separates the effects of expectation from the physiological effects of alcohol.

Consciousness: Sleep, Dreams, and Psychoactive Drugs – Study Notes

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard