Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of classical conditioning as originally demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov?

Accepted Answer

A neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus, eventually eliciting a conditioned response.

Question 2

In operant conditioning, which schedule of reinforcement is most likely to produce a high, steady rate of responding with only a brief pause after reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Variable ratio schedule

Question 3

A child observes their older sibling being praised for cleaning their room and then begins to clean their own room. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Observational learning

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental process of observational learning according to Bandura?

Accepted Answer

Habituation

Question 5

According to evolutionary perspectives on conditioning, which of the following best explains why taste aversion learning is so rapid and robust?

Accepted Answer

It increases survival by helping organisms avoid poisonous substances.

Question 6

Which cognitive function is primarily responsible for filtering information to keep it in memory?

Accepted Answer

Attention

Question 7

According to the levels of processing theory, which type of processing leads to the best long-term memory retention?

Accepted Answer

Semantic processing

Question 8

Which model of memory proposes that information moves through sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory in a linear sequence?

Accepted Answer

Atkinson-Shiffrin model

Question 9

A person is unable to recall a word but feels that retrieval is imminent. This phenomenon is known as:

Accepted Answer

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Question 10

Ebbinghaus's study on memory is best known for demonstrating which concept?

Accepted Answer

The forgetting curve

Question 11

Which of the following best describes a schema in memory?

Accepted Answer

A mental structure that organizes knowledge and expectations about categories of information.

Question 12

Which of the following is a barrier to effective problem-solving?

Accepted Answer

Functional fixedness

Question 13

A person uses a mental shortcut to quickly estimate the likelihood of an event based on how easily examples come to mind. This is an example of which heuristic?

Accepted Answer

Availability heuristic

Question 14

Which of the following statements about reliability and validity in psychological testing is correct?

Accepted Answer

A test can be reliable without being valid.

Question 15

The Flynn effect refers to which phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

The observed rise in average IQ scores over generations.

Question 16

Which theory of language acquisition emphasizes the role of reinforcement and imitation in learning language?

Accepted Answer

Behaviorist theory

Question 17

A student is trying to solve a complex math problem and breaks it down into smaller, manageable parts. This strategy is known as:

Accepted Answer

Means-end analysis

Question 18

Which equation best represents the calculation of classical conditioning strength according to the Rescorla-Wagner model?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta V = \alpha \beta (\lambda - V)$$

Question 19

If a psychological test yields the same results when administered to the same person under similar conditions, it is said to have high:

Accepted Answer

Reliability

Question 20

Which of the following best illustrates the representativeness heuristic?

Accepted Answer

Judging that someone who wears glasses and reads a lot is more likely to be a librarian than a farmer, despite base rates.

Exam 3 Study Guide: Learning, Memory, and Cognition in Psychology

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