Question 1

According to Freud's psychoanalytic explanation of gender development, what is the primary process by which children resolve anxiety about their desires for the opposite-sex parent?

Accepted Answer

Through identification with the same-sex parent

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the main criticism of Freud’s theory of gender development based on current research findings?

Accepted Answer

Toddlers seem to understand gender earlier than Freud predicted

Question 3

Social-learning explanations of gender development emphasize which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The role of parental reinforcement of sex-typed activities

Question 4

According to Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental theory, which stage is characterized by the understanding that gender is a stable, internal characteristic not altered by appearance?

Accepted Answer

Gender constancy

Question 5

A preschooler who insists that a boy wearing a dress is still a boy is demonstrating which concept from Kohlberg’s theory?

Accepted Answer

Gender constancy

Question 6

Which of the following statements is most consistent with gender schema theory?

Accepted Answer

Children begin to form gender schemas as soon as they notice differences between males and females

Question 7

Research on biological approaches to gender development suggests that prenatal exposure to testosterone is associated with which of the following behaviors?

Accepted Answer

Increased aggression in female animals

Question 8

By what age do most children begin to show a preference for gender-stereotyped toys, according to research on gender-typed behavior?

Accepted Answer

18–24 months

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the difference between the 'enabling' and 'constricting' styles of interaction observed in young children’s play?

Accepted Answer

Enabling style facilitates cooperation, while constricting style tends to derail interaction

Question 10

A 5-year-old who assigns the occupation of 'nurse' to women and 'firefighter' to men is demonstrating which concept?

Accepted Answer

Knowledge of gender stereotypes

Question 11

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the development of gender stereotypes in children?

Accepted Answer

Children as young as two associate certain tasks and possessions with men and women

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the current understanding of cross-gender behavior in early childhood?

Accepted Answer

It is a normal form of gender expression and elicits varying responses from adults and peers

Question 13

A child who is persistent, consistent, and insistent that their gender identity does not align with their assigned sex at birth is best described as:

Accepted Answer

Transgender

Question 14

Which of the following statements about attachment in early childhood is supported by research?

Accepted Answer

Attachment relationships remain important, but behaviors become more subtle as children grow older

Question 15

According to research, securely attached preschoolers are more likely to:

Accepted Answer

Experience fewer behavioral problems

Question 16

Diana Baumrind’s model of parenting styles focuses on which four aspects of family functioning?

Accepted Answer

Warmth/nurturance, clarity/consistency of rules, maturity demands, communication

Question 17

Which parenting style is characterized by high warmth, high expectations, clear rules, and open communication?

Accepted Answer

Authoritative

Question 18

A parent who is highly demanding but not responsive to their child’s needs is most likely using which parenting style?

Accepted Answer

Authoritarian

Question 19

According to the two-dimensional model of parenting (demand/control and acceptance/rejection), which style is characterized by low demand and low acceptance?

Accepted Answer

Uninvolved

Question 20

A multi-step scenario: A 3-year-old girl prefers to play with trucks and often chooses to play with boys. Her parents are supportive and encourage her choices. According to gender schema theory and Baumrind’s parenting styles, which combination best describes this situation?

Accepted Answer

The child is expressing a flexible gender schema, and her parents are using an authoritative parenting style

Gender Development and Family Relationships in Early Childhood

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