Question 1

Which of the following best describes a phoneme?

Accepted Answer

A category of sound produced by our vocal apparatus.

Question 2

In the context of language acquisition, what does the 'critical period' hypothesis propose?

Accepted Answer

Proficiency at acquiring language is maximal early in life.

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of a morpheme that is not a word?

Accepted Answer

‘re’ as in ‘redo’

Question 4

A child says, 'He runned fast.' This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Overgeneralization of grammatical rules

Question 5

Which language uses cardinal directions instead of words for 'left' and 'right'?

Accepted Answer

Guugu Yimithirr

Question 6

According to the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, which statement is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

The language we speak influences how we think, understand, and perceive the world.

Question 7

Which heuristic involves basing judgments on similarity to an abstract ideal or stereotype?

Accepted Answer

Representativeness heuristic

Question 8

A doctor diagnoses a patient with the flu because the symptoms match the 'typical' flu case, ignoring base rates of COVID-19. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Representativeness heuristic with base rate fallacy

Question 9

Which cognitive obstacle is described as difficulty conceptualizing that an object typically used for one purpose can be used for another?

Accepted Answer

Functional fixedness

Question 10

What is the main difference between an algorithm and a heuristic in problem solving?

Accepted Answer

Algorithms guarantee a solution if applied correctly, while heuristics are shortcuts that do not guarantee a solution.

Question 11

Which heuristic is most likely at play when a person estimates the frequency of shark attacks based on recent news stories?

Accepted Answer

Availability heuristic

Question 12

A judge gives a sentence close to the prosecutor’s recommendation, even though the facts of the case might warrant a different outcome. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Anchoring heuristic

Question 13

Framing effects in decision-making refer to:

Accepted Answer

The influence of how a question or statement is formulated on choices and judgments.

Question 14

Which bias involves overestimating how well we could have predicted something after it has already occurred?

Accepted Answer

Hindsight bias

Question 15

A person continues to believe in their initial decision even after being presented with evidence that contradicts it. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Belief perseverance

Question 16

Which of the following best illustrates the paradox of choice?

Accepted Answer

Having more options can lead to less satisfaction with the final choice.

Question 17

Which statement about bilingualism is supported by research?

Accepted Answer

The earlier a person learns a second language, the more proficient they are likely to be.

Question 18

Which approach to language acquisition suggests that children are born with basic knowledge of language?

Accepted Answer

Nativist approach

Question 19

Which of the following is a potential downside of using heuristics in high-stakes situations?

Accepted Answer

They can lead to costly errors and bias, such as wrongful convictions.

Question 20

Which cognitive process streamlines functioning by utilizing pre-existing knowledge to fill in gaps?

Accepted Answer

Top-down processing

Language, Thinking, and Reasoning: Key Concepts in Cognitive Psychology

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