$$Learning = Competence \neq Performance \text{ (unless reinforced)}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best defines 'learning' as described in the study materials?

Accepted Answer

A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of practice or experience.

Question 2

According to Tolman and Honzik's maze experiments, what is the key finding about latent learning?

Accepted Answer

Learning can occur without reinforcement and may not be immediately demonstrated.

Question 3

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates observational learning as described by Bandura?

Accepted Answer

A child watches an adult hit a Bobo doll and later imitates the same aggressive behavior.

Question 4

Which process is NOT one of the four processes Bandura identified as necessary for observational learning?

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement

Question 5

In Tolman and Honzik’s experiment, which group of rats demonstrated latent learning?

Accepted Answer

The group that was rewarded only after the 10th trial.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about cognitive maps is supported by Tolman’s research?

Accepted Answer

Rats develop internal representations of mazes even without immediate reinforcement.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the difference between competence and performance in latent learning?

Accepted Answer

Competence refers to what has been learned, while performance is the demonstration of that learning.

Question 8

Bandura’s concept of reciprocal determinism suggests that:

Accepted Answer

Behavior, environment, and personal factors all influence each other.

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A student sees a classmate praised for answering a question and is more likely to participate.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why children may imitate aggressive behaviors seen in media?

Accepted Answer

Observational learning allows children to model behaviors they see, especially if those behaviors are rewarded.

Question 11

Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between learning, performance, and reinforcement in latent learning?

Accepted Answer

$$Learning = Competence 
eq Performance 	ext{ (unless reinforced)}$$

Question 12

A child watches a cooking show but does not try the recipe until a week later. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Delayed performance in observational learning.

Question 13

Which of the following is most likely to increase the effectiveness of observational learning?

Accepted Answer

Observing a model who is rewarded for their behavior.

Question 14

Mirror neurons are thought to play a role in which of the following processes?

Accepted Answer

Imitation and empathy during observational learning.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'over-imitation'?

Accepted Answer

Humans tend to imitate even unnecessary actions performed by others.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of latent learning?

Accepted Answer

It is always immediately observable.

Question 17

A child is more likely to imitate a model if:

Accepted Answer

The model is similar to the child or is admired by the child.

Question 18

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of desensitization as discussed in the context of media violence?

Accepted Answer

Repeated exposure to violent video games reduces emotional responsiveness to real violence.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of motivation in observational learning according to Bandura?

Accepted Answer

Motivation determines whether a learned behavior will be performed.

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of the application of cognitive learning theory in a real-world educational setting?

Accepted Answer

A teacher demonstrates a math problem, and students later solve similar problems on their own.

Latent and Cognitive Learning: Key Concepts in Psychology

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