Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between a reflex and an instinct?

Accepted Answer

Reflexes are automatic, involuntary responses to specific stimuli, while instincts are more complex innate drives that involve movement of the organism as a whole.

Question 2

Which scenario best illustrates habituation?

Accepted Answer

A child becomes less startled by the sound of a train passing by their house after hearing it every day.

Question 3

In classical conditioning, what is the role of the neutral stimulus (NS)?

Accepted Answer

It becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS) after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization?

Accepted Answer

A child who is afraid of one dog becomes afraid of all dogs.

Question 5

What does the 'renewal effect' in classical conditioning refer to?

Accepted Answer

The conditioned response reappears when the organism is brought back to the original environment.

Question 6

Which reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction?

Accepted Answer

Variable ratio

Question 7

A factory worker is paid for every 10 items they produce. Which type of reinforcement schedule does this represent?

Accepted Answer

Fixed ratio

Question 8

Which of the following best illustrates negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A teacher removes homework when students behave well.

Question 9

According to the law of effect, what is the likely outcome when a behavior is followed by a reward?

Accepted Answer

The behavior becomes more likely to occur.

Question 10

Which statement about punishment is supported by research?

Accepted Answer

Punishment can create anxiety and encourage subversive behavior.

Question 11

Which concept explains why animals may revert to innate behaviors after repeated reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Instinctive drift

Question 12

A person checks their phone at random times and occasionally receives a message. Which reinforcement schedule does this illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Variable interval

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of latent learning?

Accepted Answer

A rat learns a maze but only demonstrates its knowledge when food is present.

Question 14

Observational learning requires which of the following steps?

Accepted Answer

Paying attention, remembering the behavior, reproducing the action, and being motivated to carry it out.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the transmission of bias via observing others?

Accepted Answer

Observers can adopt prejudiced reactions simply by watching a model, even without direct reinforcement.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of exposure to media violence according to research?

Accepted Answer

Increasing empathy for victims of violence

Question 17

Which scenario best illustrates classical conditioning in marketing?

Accepted Answer

A consumer feels happy when seeing a soda brand after repeatedly seeing it paired with joyful images.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why conditioned taste aversion can occur after only one trial?

Accepted Answer

Biological preparedness makes us primed to associate certain tastes with illness.

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of superstitious behavior as explained by Skinner?

Accepted Answer

A pigeon repeatedly turns in circles because it was accidentally reinforced with food.

Question 20

Which equation best represents the relationship between the strength of a conditioned response (CR) and time during extinction in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

$$S_{CR}(t) = S_{CR}(0) 	imes e$$^{-kt}$$

Learning: Mechanisms, Theories, and Applications in Psychology

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

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