Question 1

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which stage is characterized by behavior driven by social approval?

Accepted Answer

Stage 3: Interpersonal

Question 2

Which parenting style is described as high in both warmth and restrictiveness, leading to supportive but structured discipline?

Accepted Answer

Authoritative

Question 3

What is the main criticism of using physical punishment, such as spanking, for child discipline according to psychological research?

Accepted Answer

It increases aggression and mental health problems in children.

Question 4

In the context of child management, what is 'shaping'?

Accepted Answer

Rewarding successive approximations toward a desired behavior.

Question 5

Which of the following is a real-world example of positive reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A teacher gives gold stars to students who turn in their homework on time.

Question 6

What is the most common known cause of intellectual disability that is preventable?

Accepted Answer

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the normal distribution of IQ scores?

Accepted Answer

Most people score near the average, with fewer at the extremes.

Question 8

According to research, what is the heritability estimate for intelligence in adults?

Accepted Answer

$$0.7 \leq h^2$ \leq 0.8$$

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT measured by traditional IQ tests?

Accepted Answer

Emotional readiness and social skills

Question 10

A child with autism spectrum disorder is most likely to show which of the following behaviors?

Accepted Answer

Deficits in social interaction and communication, and repetitive behaviors

Question 11

Which neurotransmitter is most implicated in the development of ADHD?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Question 12

What is the recommended response to a child’s temper tantrum in a public place according to behavioral psychology?

Accepted Answer

Ignore the tantrum and do not reward the behavior.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about children raised by lesbian and gay parents is supported by research?

Accepted Answer

They are as well-adjusted as children of heterosexual parents.

Question 14

Which form of aggression is more commonly displayed by girls than boys?

Accepted Answer

Indirect or social aggression

Question 15

What is the main effect of media violence on children, according to Bandura’s classic study?

Accepted Answer

Children imitate aggressive behaviors they observe.

Question 16

Which of the following is a key feature of the authoritative parenting style?

Accepted Answer

Open communication and supportive discipline

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the formula for calculating IQ as originally proposed by Binet and Simon?

Accepted Answer

$$IQ = \frac{	ext{Mental Age}}{	ext{Chronological Age}} 	imes 100$$

Question 18

Which condition is caused by a mutation on the X chromosome and is the most commonly known inherited cause of intellectual disability?

Accepted Answer

Fragile X syndrome

Question 19

Which of the following is a recommended alternative to spanking for child discipline?

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement and time-out

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why IQ tests may show cultural bias?

Accepted Answer

They are standardized using white, middle-class subjects, leading to lower scores for minorities due to lack of experience with Western culture.

Middle Childhood: Development, Parenting, Intelligence, and Disorders

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