Q: Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between genetic risk and lifetime probability of developing schizophrenia?

$$P_{SZ} = \text{Base rate} + \text{Genetic risk factor}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between obsessions and compulsions in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

Accepted Answer

Obsessions are unwanted, persistent thoughts, while compulsions are ritualistic behaviors performed to reduce anxiety.

Question 2

A student avoids crowded cafeterias and chooses to eat alone due to a strong fear of being judged by others. Which disorder does this behavior most likely exemplify?

Accepted Answer

Social anxiety disorder (social phobia)

Question 3

Which brain circuit is most implicated in the compulsive behaviors seen in OCD?

Accepted Answer

Orbitofrontal cortex \u003e basal ganglia \u003e thalamus

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of major depressive disorder (MDD)?

Accepted Answer

Extreme highs in mood and energy

Question 5

A person with panic disorder notices their heart rate increasing and becomes fearful of experiencing a panic attack, which further increases their anxiety. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A positive feedback loop

Question 6

Which neurotransmitter is most associated with the treatment of depression using SSRIs?

Accepted Answer

Serotonin (5-HT)

Question 7

According to the pessimistic explanatory style, which statement best illustrates 'globalizing'?

Accepted Answer

And this applies to everything, not just the current situation.

Question 8

Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

Accepted Answer

Catatonia

Question 9

Which brain abnormality is commonly observed in individuals with schizophrenia?

Accepted Answer

Increased ventricle size

Question 10

Which environmental factor is most strongly linked to increased risk of developing schizophrenia according to the neurodevelopmental hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

Urban living

Question 11

A person with a specific phobia is most likely to experience intense fear in which scenario?

Accepted Answer

Being in a crowded elevator

Question 12

Which of the following best explains the role of the hippocampus in major depressive disorder?

Accepted Answer

It inhibits the HPA axis, reducing stress response.

Question 13

Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between genetic risk and lifetime probability of developing schizophrenia?

Accepted Answer

$$P_{SZ} = 	ext{Base rate} + 	ext{Genetic risk factor}$$

Question 14

Which brain region is most associated with rumination in depression?

Accepted Answer

Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)

Question 15

Which of the following is a real-world example of a compulsion in OCD?

Accepted Answer

Repeatedly washing hands to reduce anxiety about germs

Question 16

Which neurotransmitter is most implicated in the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine (DA)

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the prodromal phase of schizophrenia?

Accepted Answer

Emergence of negative symptoms such as social withdrawal and catatonia

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of a situational type of phobia?

Accepted Answer

Fear of closed spaces (e.g., elevators)

Question 19

Which equation best represents the feedback loop involved in panic disorder?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Anxiety}_{n+1} = 	ext{Anxiety}_n + 	ext{Fear of symptoms}$$

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the effect of chronic stress on the HPA axis in depression?

Accepted Answer

Chronic stress leads to increased cortisol production due to failure of shutdown in the HPA axis.

Psychological Disorders II: Anxiety, OCD, Mood Disorders, and Schizophrenia

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