Question 1

According to the Five-Factor Model of personality by McCrae and Costa, which of the following traits is characterized by being imaginative, curious, and open to new experiences?

Accepted Answer

Openness to experience

Question 2

Freud's psychoanalytic theory divides personality into three components. Which component operates according to the reality principle and mediates between instinctual desires and moral standards?

Accepted Answer

Ego

Question 3

A student who blames their poor exam performance on the teacher's unfair questions, rather than their own lack of preparation, is demonstrating which defense mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Projection

Question 4

Which of the following best describes Carl Jung's concept of the collective unconscious?

Accepted Answer

A set of inherited memory traces shared by the entire human race

Question 5

In classical conditioning, what is the process called when a conditioned response gradually weakens and disappears after the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus?

Accepted Answer

Extinction

Question 6

According to B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning, which of the following scenarios best illustrates negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A student is excused from homework after getting a high test score

Question 7

Bandura's concept of self-efficacy refers to:

Accepted Answer

A person's belief in their ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes

Question 8

Which of the following is a criticism of psychodynamic theories of personality?

Accepted Answer

They are too vague and difficult to test scientifically

Question 9

According to Rogers's person-centered theory, what is the result when there is a large discrepancy between a person's self-concept and their actual experiences?

Accepted Answer

Incongruence

Question 10

Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests that which of the following needs must be satisfied before an individual can pursue self-actualization?

Accepted Answer

Physiological and safety needs

Question 11

A parent who unconsciously resents their child but showers them with gifts is most likely using which defense mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Reaction formation

Question 12

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of observational learning as described by Bandura?

Accepted Answer

A student studies harder after seeing a classmate praised for good grades

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT one of the five higher-order personality traits in the Five-Factor Model?

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy

Question 14

According to terror management theory, what psychological function does self-esteem serve?

Accepted Answer

It buffers anxiety related to awareness of mortality

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the difference between individualism and collectivism?

Accepted Answer

Collectivism defines identity based on group membership

Question 16

A person who joins a fraternity to boost their self-esteem is demonstrating which defense mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Identification

Question 17

Which of the following statements about narcissism is supported by contemporary empirical research?

Accepted Answer

Narcissism levels have increased in recent generations

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement according to operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A child receives praise for completing their homework

Question 19

According to Rogers, what is the likely outcome for a child who receives unconditional positive regard from their parents?

Accepted Answer

They will feel worthy of affection and develop a congruent self-concept

Question 20

Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between behavior ($$B$$), environment ($$E$$), and person ($$P) in $$Bandura's social cognitive theory?

Accepted Answer

$$B = f(P, E)$$

Theories of Personality: Comprehensive Study Notes

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard