Which combination of preconditions most strongly predicts the risk that an acting crowd will escalate into a mob and then a riot?

High emotional intensity tied to long-standing grievances, presence of provocative counter-groups, weak leadership structures, and limited channels for negotiated grievance redress.

Low emotion, absence of any grievance, strong consensus on formal procedures, and abundant communication with officials, because these factors maximize the risk of escalation.

Complete institutionalization of the crowd with formal leadership recognized by authorities from the outset, which always ensures immediate escalation to a riot regardless of other conditions.

A completely random combination of unrelated municipal services like garbage collection and nothing concerning emotions or grievances determines the risk of escalation.