Question 1

Which of the following is a key assumption of parametric tests such as ANOVA?

Accepted Answer

The data in each group must be normally distributed and have similar variance.

Question 2

A researcher wants to compare the median satisfaction scores (ranked 1-10) from three different hospitals. Which statistical test is most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

Kruskal-Wallis Test

Question 3

If the odds ratio (OR) for developing severe COVID-19 in diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic patients is 8.175, what does this imply?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes is positively associated with severe COVID-19, and diabetic patients are 8.175 times more likely to have severe COVID-19 than non-diabetic patients.

Question 4

Which formula correctly calculates the odds ratio (OR) from the following contingency table?

Diabetes: Severe (A), Mild (B)
No Diabetes: Severe (C), Mild (D)

Accepted Answer

$$ \frac{A/C}{B/D} $$

Question 5

Which of the following statements about ANOVA is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

ANOVA requires that the data in each group be normally distributed.

Question 6

A survey collects ordinal data on customer satisfaction (ranked 1-5). Which test should be used to compare two independent groups?

Accepted Answer

Mann-Whitney U Test

Question 7

What is the main difference between 'odds' and 'probability' when rolling a fair six-sided die to get a 6?

Accepted Answer

Odds is the number of favorable outcomes divided by the number of unfavorable outcomes; probability is the number of favorable outcomes divided by the total number of outcomes.

Question 8

Which scenario best illustrates when to use a nonparametric test?

Accepted Answer

Comparing the median pain scores (ranked 1-10) between three treatment groups with skewed data.

Question 9

Given the following data:
Diabetes: Severe = 184, Mild = 394
No Diabetes: Severe = 287, Mild = 5024
Calculate the odds ratio (OR) for severe COVID-19 in diabetic vs. non-diabetic patients.

Accepted Answer

$$ \frac{184/287}{394/5024} = 8.175 $$

Question 10

Relative risk (RR) is defined as:

Accepted Answer

The ratio of the probability of an outcome in the exposed group to the probability in the unexposed group.

Question 11

Which of the following is TRUE about the interpretation of odds ratio (OR)?

Accepted Answer

An OR equal to 1 indicates independence between exposure and outcome.

Question 12

Which test is equivalent to the paired sample t-test but for nonparametric data?

Accepted Answer

Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test

Question 13

In a vaccine study, the protective power is shown using relative risk (RR). Why is RR preferred over OR in this context?

Accepted Answer

RR is more suitable for measuring the effect of an exposure for cases that have medium to high probability.

Question 14

Which formula correctly calculates the relative risk (RR) from the following contingency table?
Diabetes: Severe (A), Mild (B)
No Diabetes: Severe (C), Mild (D)

Accepted Answer

$$ \frac{A/(A+B)}{C/(C+D)} $$

Question 15

A researcher is analyzing survey data with rank scores and finds the data are not normally distributed. Which test should be used to compare three groups?

Accepted Answer

Kruskal-Wallis Test

Question 16

Which of the following is a limitation of ANOVA?

Accepted Answer

It does not indicate which specific groups are different; post-hoc tests are needed.

Question 17

In which situation would the odds ratio (OR) and relative risk (RR) be approximately equal?

Accepted Answer

When the outcome is very rare.

Question 18

Which test is most appropriate for comparing the means of more than two groups when the data are normally distributed and variances are similar?

Accepted Answer

One-way ANOVA

Question 19

A study finds RR = 1 for the effect of a new drug on disease incidence. What does this mean?

Accepted Answer

The drug has no effect on the risk of disease.

Hypothesis Testing: Parametric and Nonparametric Tests, Odds Ratio, and Relative Risk

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