Q: During protein synthesis, which sequence correctly represents the flow of genetic information according to the central dogma of biology?

$$DNA \rightarrow RNA \rightarrow \text{protein}$$

Question 1

Which of the following statements is NOT part of the original cell theory proposed by Schleiden and Schwann?

Accepted Answer

Cells contain hereditary information (DNA) passed during cell division.

Question 2

A scientist observes that two different cell types have similar metabolic reactions and chemical compositions. According to modern cell theory, which statement best explains this observation?

Accepted Answer

Cells are basically the same in chemical composition and metabolic activities.

Question 3

Which organelle is primarily responsible for synthesizing most lipids in a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Question 4

A mutation prevents the formation of microtubules in an animal cell. Which cellular process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Movement of chromosomes during cell division

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the function of the endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

It modifies, packages, and transports lipids and proteins.

Question 6

A patient’s skin cells are found to lack intermediate filaments. Which symptom would most likely result from this deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Fragile skin prone to tearing

Question 7

Which type of cell junction forms an impermeable barrier to prevent molecules from passing between adjacent cells in epithelial tissue?

Accepted Answer

Tight junction

Question 8

The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as:

Accepted Answer

A dynamic bilayer of phospholipids with embedded proteins that can move laterally

Question 9

Which of the following membrane components is amphipathic and forms the basic structure of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipids

Question 10

A cell is exposed to a temperature below normal physiological levels. Which membrane component helps maintain membrane fluidity under these conditions?

Accepted Answer

Cholesterol

Question 11

Which cytoskeletal element is primarily responsible for the movement of cilia and flagella?

Accepted Answer

Microtubules

Question 12

During protein synthesis, which sequence correctly represents the flow of genetic information according to the central dogma of biology?

Accepted Answer

$$DNA ightarrow RNA ightarrow 	ext{protein}$$

Question 13

A researcher stains a cell and observes a network of fibers holding mitochondria in place and supporting the nucleus. Which cellular structure is being observed?

Accepted Answer

Cytoskeleton

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why unsaturated fatty acid tails increase membrane fluidity?

Accepted Answer

Kinks in unsaturated tails prevent tight packing of phospholipids.

Question 15

A cell lacking gap junctions would have difficulty with which function?

Accepted Answer

Direct intercellular communication

Question 16

Which of the following is a real-world consequence of losing cell cycle control due to mutations in sub-cellular structures?

Accepted Answer

Formation of tumors or abnormal cell masses

Question 17

A cell is observed to have abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). What is the most likely function of this cell?

Accepted Answer

Production and modification of proteins for secretion

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of the Golgi apparatus in the endomembrane system?

Accepted Answer

Sorting and modifying proteins and lipids before they are shipped to their destination

Question 19

A cell is exposed to a toxin that disrupts actin polymerization. Which cellular extension would be most affected?

Accepted Answer

Microvilli

Question 20

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between cell surface area ($$A) $$and volume ($$V) $$for a spherical cell of radius $$r$$?

Accepted Answer

$$A = 4\pi r^2$, V$$ = \frac{4}{3}\pi $$r^3$$

Cell Structure and Function: The Fundamental Unit of Life

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