$$\text{Total amount of substance in body} = \text{Intake} + \text{Production} - \text{Excretion} - \text{Metabolism}$$

Question 1

Which of the following correctly lists the 10 levels of biological organization in order from smallest to largest?

Accepted Answer

Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, ecosystem, biosphere

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT one of the 10 major human organ systems?

Accepted Answer

Lymphatic system

Question 3

A teleological approach to explaining why we breathe would state:

Accepted Answer

"We breathe in order to supply oxygen to our tissues."

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT one of the four major physiological themes discussed in the text?

Accepted Answer

Genetic inheritance

Question 5

If homeostasis cannot be maintained in the body, what is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The body will develop a disease state or dysfunction.

Question 6

Which statement best describes the difference between extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF)?

Accepted Answer

ECF surrounds the cells, while ICF is contained within the cells.

Question 7

The law of mass balance can be expressed as which of the following equations?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Total amount of substance in body} = 	ext{Intake} + 	ext{Production} - 	ext{Excretion} - 	ext{Metabolism}$$

Question 8

Which organs are primarily responsible for clearance of substances from the body?

Accepted Answer

Kidneys and liver

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the difference between equilibrium and steady state?

Accepted Answer

In equilibrium, there is no net movement of materials; in steady state, materials move but are balanced.

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of a local control system?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen concentration in a tissue triggers dilation of nearby blood vessels.

Question 11

Which of the following best distinguishes a response loop from a feedback loop?

Accepted Answer

A response loop initiates a change, while a feedback loop modulates the response.

Question 12

What is the primary purpose of a negative feedback loop in physiological systems?

Accepted Answer

To maintain homeostasis by opposing the initial stimulus.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes how a positive feedback loop operates?

Accepted Answer

It reinforces the initial stimulus, moving the system further from homeostasis.

Question 14

Feedforward control is best exemplified by which of the following scenarios?

Accepted Answer

Salivation in response to the sight or smell of food before eating.

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of a biological rhythm (biorhythm)?

Accepted Answer

The sleep-wake cycle following a 24-hour pattern.

Question 16

In a well-designed experiment, which of the following is the dependent variable?

Accepted Answer

The variable that is measured as the outcome.

Question 17

Why is a crossover study often considered superior to a parallel-group study in human experiments?

Accepted Answer

Each subject serves as their own control, reducing variability.

Question 18

Which of the following best defines a placebo effect?

Accepted Answer

A beneficial effect produced by a treatment that has no therapeutic value.

Question 19

Which type of graph is most appropriate for displaying the relationship between two continuous variables?

Accepted Answer

Scatter plot

Question 20

Which of the following best distinguishes between acclimation and acclimatization?

Accepted Answer

Acclimation occurs in a controlled environment; acclimatization occurs in a natural environment.

Foundations of Human Physiology: Organization, Homeostasis, and Scientific Inquiry

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