$$5'\text{-}AUG\ CCG\ UAA\text{-}3'$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins.

Question 2

A mutation in the beta-globin gene causes sickle cell anemia. Which type of mutation is responsible for this disease?

Accepted Answer

A missense mutation resulting in a single amino acid substitution

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why a skin cell and a stomach cell in the same individual have different functions?

Accepted Answer

They express different sets of genes due to gene regulation.

Question 4

Which process is responsible for copying genetic instructions from DNA to RNA?

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Question 5

If a DNA sequence is 5'-ATG CCG TAA-3', what is the corresponding mRNA sequence produced during transcription?

Accepted Answer

$$5'	ext{-}AUG\ CCG\ UAA	ext{-}3'$$

Question 6

Which of the following is a direct result of DNA methylation in epigenetic regulation?

Accepted Answer

DNA is tightly coiled and gene expression is reduced.

Question 7

A deletion of three nucleotides in the CFTR gene leads to which disease, and what is the resulting effect on the protein?

Accepted Answer

Cystic fibrosis; absence of a single amino acid in the CFTR protein

Question 8

Which of the following best describes a codon?

Accepted Answer

A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes for an amino acid

Question 9

Which type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation?

Accepted Answer

tRNA

Question 10

A researcher exposes cells to UV radiation, which causes DNA damage. What type of mutation is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Induced mutation due to environmental factor

Question 11

Which of the following statements about the human genome is correct?

Accepted Answer

Genetic variation among humans is primarily due to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

Question 12

Which of the following best explains how mRNA vaccines work?

Accepted Answer

They deliver mRNA that is translated into a viral protein, triggering an immune response.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a function of chromatin?

Accepted Answer

Carrying out protein synthesis

Question 14

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates epigenetic inheritance?

Accepted Answer

A child develops a disease because their parent experienced famine, even though the child did not.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of RNA polymerase?

Accepted Answer

It synthesizes RNA from a DNA template during transcription.

Question 16

If a gene is permanently turned off in a cell, what is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The gene's protein product will not be produced in that cell.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why all proteins are made from only 20 amino acids, despite the vast diversity of proteins?

Accepted Answer

Different combinations of 20 amino acids, encoded by genes, create millions of proteins.

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-life example of how gene regulation affects traits?

Accepted Answer

Differences in gene expression lead to variations in hair color among individuals.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of histone acetylation on gene expression?

Accepted Answer

It causes DNA to unwind, increasing gene expression.

Question 20

A DNA sequence undergoes a point mutation, changing a codon from GAA to GAG. Both codons code for glutamic acid. What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Silent mutation

Lecture 4 - Genes and Cellular Function: Study Guide for Anatomy & Physiology

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