Domanda del libro di testo
Describe the regulation of the cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases of gastric secretion.
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Ch. 23 The Digestive System
Marieb, Hoehn11th EditionHuman Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780136874034
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TOC.tableOfContents
- Ch. 1 The Human Body: An Orientation24
- Ch. 2 Chemistry Comes Alive25
- Ch. 3 Cells: The Living Units21
- Ch. 4 Tissue: The Living Fabric20
- Ch. 5 The Integumentary System11
- Ch. 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues19
- Ch. 7 The Skeleton14
- Ch. 8 Joints7
- Ch. 9 Muscles and Muscle Tissue26
- Ch. 10 The Muscular System26
- Ch. 11 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue19
- Ch. 12 The Central Nervous System26
- Ch. 13 The Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity32
- Ch. 14 The Autonomic Nervous System19
- Ch. 15 The Special Senses26
- Ch. 16 The Endocrine System23
- Ch. 17 Blood25
- Ch. 18 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart24
- Ch. 19 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels27
- Ch. 20 The Lymphatic System and Lymphoid Organs and Tissues14
- Ch. 21 The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses27
- Ch. 22 The Respiratory System21
- Ch. 23 The Digestive System31
- Ch. 24 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Energy Balance26
- Ch. 25 The Urinary System26
- Ch. 26 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance24
- Ch. 27 The Reproductive System24
- Ch. 28 Pregnancy and Human Development25
- Ch. 29 Heredity11
Marieb, Hoehn11th EditionHuman Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780136874034Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo
Capitolo 23, Problema 21
Describe the two phases of swallowing, noting the organs involved and the activities that occur.
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The first phase of swallowing is the **buccal phase** (voluntary phase). It begins in the mouth when the tongue pushes the bolus (chewed food mixed with saliva) against the hard palate and then toward the oropharynx. The tongue and hard palate are the primary structures involved in this phase.
During the buccal phase, the soft palate rises to close off the nasopharynx, preventing food from entering the nasal cavity. This ensures the bolus is directed toward the pharynx.
The second phase is the **pharyngeal-esophageal phase** (involuntary phase). This phase begins when the bolus enters the oropharynx. The pharynx and esophagus are the primary organs involved in this phase.
In the pharyngeal-esophageal phase, the epiglottis closes over the laryngeal opening to prevent food from entering the trachea. Simultaneously, the upper esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing the bolus to enter the esophagus.
Peristalsis (a series of wave-like muscle contractions) propels the bolus down the esophagus toward the stomach. The lower esophageal sphincter relaxes to allow the bolus to enter the stomach, completing the swallowing process.
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Pharyngeal Phase
The pharyngeal phase of swallowing is a reflexive process that begins when food reaches the back of the throat. During this phase, the soft palate elevates to close off the nasal passages, and the epiglottis folds down to cover the trachea, preventing food from entering the airway. The pharyngeal muscles contract to push the bolus down into the esophagus, ensuring a safe and efficient transition from the mouth to the digestive tract.
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03:21
Phases of Mitosis
Esophageal Phase
The esophageal phase follows the pharyngeal phase and involves the movement of the bolus through the esophagus to the stomach. This phase is characterized by peristalsis, a series of wave-like muscle contractions that propel the bolus downward. The lower esophageal sphincter relaxes to allow the bolus to enter the stomach, completing the swallowing process. This phase is involuntary and typically takes about 8 to 20 seconds.
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03:21Phases of Mitosis
Anatomy of the Swallowing Process
Understanding the anatomy involved in swallowing is crucial for comprehending the phases of this process. Key organs include the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and the associated muscles and sphincters. The tongue plays a vital role in forming the bolus and initiating swallowing, while the soft palate, epiglottis, and esophageal sphincters ensure that food is directed appropriately and safely through the digestive system.
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