Domanda del libro di testo
Decreased blood calcium level would result in increased:
(a) Secretion of calcitonin
(b) Secretion of PTH
(c) Elimination of calcium by the kidneys
(d) Osteoclast activity
(e) Excitability of neural membranes
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Ch. 18 The Endocrine System
Martini, Nath, Bartholomew12th EditionFundamentals of Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780137854011
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TOC.tableOfContents
- Ch. 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology25
- Ch. 2 The Chemical Level of Organization34
- Ch. 3 The Cellular Level of Organization29
- Ch. 4 The Tissue Level of Organization24
- Ch. 5 The Integumentary System17
- Ch. 6 Bones and Bone Structure33
- Ch. 7 The Axial Skeleton11
- Ch. 8 The Appendicular Skeleton17
- Ch. 9 Joints13
- Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue12
- Ch. 11 The Muscular System28
- Ch. 12 Nervous Tissue18
- Ch. 13 The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes22
- Ch. 14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves20
- Ch. 15 Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System17
- Ch. 16 The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions30
- Ch. 17 The Special Senses15
- Ch. 18 The Endocrine System21
- Ch. 19 Blood31
- Ch. 20 The Heart31
- Ch. 21 Blood Vessels and Circulation26
- Ch. 22 The Lymphatic System and Immunity25
- Ch. 23 The Respiratory System4
- Ch. 24 The Digestive System18
- Ch. 26 The Urinary System31
- Ch. 27 Fluids & Electrolytes30
- Ch. 28 The Reproductive System12
- Ch. 29 Development and Inheritance17
Martini, Nath, Bartholomew12th EditionFundamentals of Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780137854011Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo
Capitolo 18, Problema 20
How would blocking the activity of phosphodiesterase (PDE) affect a cell that responds to hormonal stimulation by the cAMP second messenger system?
Guida verificata passo dopo passo1
Step 1: Understand the role of phosphodiesterase (PDE) in the cAMP second messenger system. PDE is an enzyme that breaks down cyclic AMP (cAMP) into AMP, thereby reducing the intracellular concentration of cAMP and terminating the signal.
Step 2: Recall that cAMP acts as a second messenger that activates protein kinase A (PKA), which then phosphorylates target proteins to elicit a cellular response to hormonal stimulation.
Step 3: Consider what happens if PDE activity is blocked. Since PDE normally degrades cAMP, blocking PDE will prevent cAMP breakdown, leading to an accumulation of cAMP inside the cell.
Step 4: Analyze the consequence of increased cAMP levels. Elevated cAMP will prolong and amplify the activation of PKA, resulting in a stronger and longer-lasting cellular response to the hormone.
Step 5: Summarize that blocking PDE enhances the hormonal signal by maintaining higher cAMP levels, which sustains the activation of downstream signaling pathways and cellular effects.
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Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Function
Phosphodiesterase enzymes break down cyclic AMP (cAMP) into AMP, terminating the cAMP signaling. By degrading cAMP, PDE regulates the intensity and duration of the signal inside the cell, ensuring that the response to hormonal stimulation is properly controlled.
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Percorso guidato
06:04
Functional Groups
cAMP Second Messenger System
The cAMP second messenger system transduces extracellular hormonal signals into intracellular actions. When a hormone binds to its receptor, it activates adenylate cyclase to produce cAMP, which then activates protein kinase A (PKA) to trigger downstream cellular responses.
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10:41Secondary Messengers
Effect of PDE Inhibition on Cellular Signaling
Blocking PDE activity prevents cAMP breakdown, leading to elevated and prolonged cAMP levels. This enhances and extends the hormonal signal, potentially amplifying cellular responses such as enzyme activation, gene expression, or metabolic changes.
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Percorso guidato
05:03Enzyme Inhibition
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