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Ch. 44 - Osmoregulation and Excretion
Campbell - Campbell Biology 12th Edition
Urry12th EditionCampbell BiologyISBN: 9785794169850Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo
Tutti i libri di testoUrry 12th EditionCh. 44 - Osmoregulation and ExcretionProblema 5
Capitolo 44, Problema 5

In which of the following species should natural selection favor the highest proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons?
a. A river otter
b. A mouse species living in a temperate broadleaf forest
c. A mouse species living in a desert
d. A beaver

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Understand the function of juxtamedullary nephrons: These nephrons are specialized for water reabsorption and are crucial for producing concentrated urine, which is important for conserving water.
Consider the habitat of each species: Juxtamedullary nephrons are more beneficial in environments where water is scarce, as they help in conserving water by concentrating urine.
Analyze the options: a river otter and a beaver live in aquatic environments where water is abundant, so they are less likely to need a high proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons.
Evaluate the mouse species: The mouse species living in a temperate broadleaf forest has moderate water availability, while the mouse species living in a desert faces extreme water scarcity.
Conclude which species would benefit most: Natural selection would favor the highest proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons in the mouse species living in a desert, as it needs to conserve water in its arid environment.

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Juxtamedullary Nephrons

Juxtamedullary nephrons are specialized structures in the kidneys that play a crucial role in concentrating urine. They have long loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla, allowing for efficient reabsorption of water and solutes. This adaptation is particularly beneficial for species living in environments where water conservation is essential.
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Kidney and Nephron

Natural Selection

Natural selection is a fundamental mechanism of evolution, where individuals with traits better suited to their environment tend to survive and reproduce more successfully. Over time, these advantageous traits become more common in the population. In the context of kidney function, natural selection would favor adaptations that enhance survival in specific habitats, such as efficient water conservation in arid environments.
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Natural Selection

Desert Adaptations

Desert adaptations are physiological and behavioral traits that enable organisms to survive in arid environments with limited water availability. These adaptations may include efficient water retention, reduced water loss, and specialized kidney functions like those provided by juxtamedullary nephrons. Species living in deserts often evolve such traits to maintain hydration and survive extreme conditions.
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Desert and Savanna
Pratica correlata
Domanda del libro di testo

The high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by which of the following?

a. Active transport of salt from the upper region of the descending limb.

b. The loose packing of juxtamedullary nephrons.

c. Diffusion of urea into the collecting duct.

d. Diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle.

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Domanda del libro di testo

Which of the following animals generally has the lowest volume of urine production?

a. Vampire bat

b. Salmon in fresh water

c. Marine bony fish

d. Freshwater flatworm

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Domanda del libro di testo

African lungfish, which are often found in small stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation?

a. Urea takes less energy to synthesize than ammonia.

b. Small stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute ammonia, which is toxic.

c. Urea forms an insoluble precipitate.

d. Urea makes lungfish tissue hypoosmotic to the pool.

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Domanda del libro di testo

Which process in the nephron is least selective?

a. Filtration

b. Reabsorption

c. Active transport

d. Secretion

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