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Ch. 21 - Genomes and Their Evolution
Campbell - Campbell Biology 11th Edition
Urry11th EditionCampbell BiologyISBN: 9789357423311Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo
Tutti i libri di testoUrry 11th EditionCh. 21 - Genomes and Their EvolutionProblema 3
Capitolo 21, Problema 3

Two eukaryotic proteins have one domain in common but are otherwise very different. Which of the following processes is most likely to have contributed to this similarity?
a. Gene duplication
b. Alternative splicing
c. Exon shuffling
d. Random point mutations

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1
Understand the concept of protein domains: Protein domains are distinct functional and structural units within a protein. They can evolve, function, and exist independently of the rest of the protein chain.
Consider the process of exon shuffling: Exon shuffling is a molecular mechanism that can create new genes by rearranging exons, which are coding sequences within a gene. This can lead to proteins with new combinations of domains.
Evaluate how exon shuffling contributes to protein diversity: Exon shuffling can result in proteins that share common domains while having different overall structures and functions. This process can lead to the presence of similar domains in otherwise different proteins.
Compare exon shuffling with other processes: Gene duplication involves copying entire genes, alternative splicing involves generating different mRNA transcripts from the same gene, and random point mutations involve changes in individual nucleotides. Exon shuffling specifically involves rearranging exons to create new domain combinations.
Conclude that exon shuffling is the most likely process: Given the presence of a common domain in otherwise different proteins, exon shuffling is the process most likely to have contributed to this similarity by rearranging exons to create new domain combinations.

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Exon Shuffling

Exon shuffling is a molecular mechanism through which new genes are created by rearranging exons, the coding sequences of DNA. This process can result in proteins with new combinations of functional domains, leading to evolutionary innovation. It is a key contributor to the diversity of protein structures and functions in eukaryotic organisms.
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05:30
Genomes and Genome Evolution

Protein Domains

Protein domains are distinct functional and structural units within a protein, often responsible for a particular function or interaction. Domains can be independently stable and can fold into a specific three-dimensional structure. The presence of a common domain in different proteins suggests a shared evolutionary origin or functional similarity, often due to processes like exon shuffling.
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05:20
3 Domains of Life

Gene Duplication

Gene duplication is an evolutionary process where an organism gains extra copies of a gene, leading to genetic redundancy. This can allow one copy to mutate and potentially acquire new functions while the other maintains the original function. Although gene duplication can lead to protein diversity, it is less likely to explain the presence of a common domain in otherwise different proteins compared to exon shuffling.
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05:02
Genes & Alleles
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Use a highlighter to color any amino acid that varies among the species. (Color that amino acid in all sequences.)

c. The O sequence differs from the C, G, R sequences at one amino acid (having V instead of A) and from the H sequence at three amino acids. Identify the O sequence.

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Homeotic genes

a. Encode transcription factors that control the expression of genes responsible for specific anatomical structures.

b. Are found only in Drosophila and other arthropods.

c. Are the only genes that contain the homeobox domain.

d. Encode proteins that form anatomical structures in the fly.

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Bioinformatics includes all of the following except

a. Using computer programs to align DNA sequences.

b. Using DNA technology to combine DNA from two different sources in a test tube.

c. Developing computer-based tools for genome analysis.

d. Using mathematical tools to make sense of biological systems.

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Use a highlighter to color any amino acid that varies among the species. (Color that amino acid in all sequences.)

a. The C, G, R sequences are identical. Identify which lines correspond to those sequences.


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Use a highlighter to color any amino acid that varies among the species. (Color that amino acid in all sequences.)

b. The H sequence differs from that of the C, G, R species at two amino acids. Underline the two differences in the H sequence.

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