Ch. 30 - An Introduction to Animals

Freeman - Biological Science 8th Edition

Freeman8th EditionBiological ScienceISBN: 9780138276263Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo

Freeman 8th Edition

Ch. 30 - An Introduction to Animals

Problema 6

Capitolo 30, Problema 6

To estimate the relative abundance of the major phyla, calculate how many named species of arthropods, mollusks, and nematode worms exist per named species of chordate (the phylum containing vertebrates, including humans; see Table 30.1).
Do you think these calculations are likely to be underestimates or overestimates? Why?

Guida verificata passo dopo passo

Step 1: Identify the number of described species for each phylum mentioned in the problem. From Table 30.1, the number of described species is as follows: Arthropoda = 1,200,000, Mollusca = 85,000, Nematoda = 25,000, and Chordata = 65,000.

Step 2: Calculate the relative abundance of each phylum compared to Chordata. To do this, divide the number of described species for each phylum by the number of described species for Chordata. For example, for Arthropoda, the calculation would be:

\frac{1200000}{65000}

Step 3: Repeat the calculation for Mollusca and Nematoda using the same formula:

\frac{85000}{65000}

for Mollusca and

\frac{25000}{65000}

for Nematoda.

Step 4: Interpret the results. The relative abundance values will indicate how many species of arthropods, mollusks, and nematodes exist per species of chordate. Larger values suggest higher diversity in those phyla compared to Chordata.

Step 5: Consider whether these calculations are likely to be underestimates or overestimates. Discuss factors such as undiscovered species, biases in research focus, and the difficulty of cataloging smaller or less conspicuous organisms, which may lead to underestimates of species numbers in certain phyla.

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Biodiversity and Species Richness

Biodiversity refers to the variety of life in a particular habitat or ecosystem, encompassing the number of different species, their relative abundance, and the genetic diversity within those species. Species richness is a key component of biodiversity, indicating the total number of different species present in a given area. Understanding biodiversity is crucial for assessing ecological health and the impact of environmental changes.

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Phyla of Animals

In biological classification, a phylum is a higher taxonomic rank that groups together organisms sharing a basic structural framework. Major animal phyla include Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Chordata, each characterized by distinct anatomical and physiological traits. For instance, arthropods have exoskeletons and jointed limbs, while chordates possess a notochord at some stage of development, highlighting the diversity of life forms.

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Estimating Species Abundance

Estimating species abundance involves calculating the number of individuals of each species within a community, often expressed relative to a reference group. In this context, the calculation of arthropods, mollusks, and nematodes per chordate species helps to understand their relative abundance. Such estimates can be influenced by factors like sampling methods and ecological interactions, leading to potential underestimates or overestimates of true biodiversity.

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Suppose that a gene originally identified in nematodes (roundworms) is found to be homologous with a gene that can cause developmental abnormalities in humans. Would it be possible to use fruit flies as a model organism to study this gene? Explain.

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Domanda del libro di testo

The vast majority of animals that ever existed are now extinct, but Tereza Jezkova and John Wiens wondered which variables were most important in driving the diversification of species that exist today.

Why are there so many species in some phyla, such as Cnidaria (see photo), but so few in others, such as Ctenophora?

Draw a horizontal axis to represent the number of species within phyla using a logarithmic scale (1, 10, 100, 1000 species, etc.). Then use Table 30.1 to map seven representative phyla from small to large at intervals of about an order of magnitude on this scale.

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Domanda del libro di testo

Which of these characteristics does not apply to cnidarians?

a. Are diploblastic

b. Possess a gastrovascular cavity with one opening

c. Undergo metamorphosis

d. Have a central nervous system

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Domanda del libro di testo

True or false?