Domanda del libro di testo
The outer surface of a virion consists of either a membranous envelope or a protein capsid. How does the outer surface correlate with a virus's mode of exiting a host cell?
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Ch. 33 - Viruses
Freeman8th EditionBiological ScienceISBN: 9780138276263
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TOC.tableOfContents
- Ch. 1 - Biology: The Study of Life13
- Ch. 2 - Water and Carbon: The Chemical Basis of Life14
- Ch.3 - Protein Structure and Function10
- Ch.4 - Nucleic Acids and the RNA World10
- Ch. 5 - An Introduction to Carbohydrates10
- Ch. 6 - Lipids, Membranes, and the First Cells11
- Ch. 7 - Inside the Cell10
- Ch. 8 - Energy and Enzymes: An Introduction to Metabolism10
- Ch. 9 - Cellular Respiration and Fermentation11
- Ch. 10 - Photosynthesis12
- Ch. 11 - Cell-Cell Interactions12
- Ch. 12 - The Cell Cycle8
- Ch. 13 - Meiosis12
- Ch. 14 - Mendel and the Gene23
- Ch. 15 - DNA and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair15
- Ch. 16 - How Genes Work16
- Ch. 17 - Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation16
- Ch. 18 - Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria16
- Ch. 19 - Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes12
- Ch. 20 - The Molecular Revolution: Biotechnology, Genomics, and New Frontiers15
- Ch. 21 - Genes, Development, and Evolution12
- Ch. 22 - Evolution by Natural Selection16
- Ch. 23 - Evolutionary Processes13
- Ch. 24 - Speciation15
- Ch. 25 - Phylogenies and the History of Life13
- Ch. 26 - Bacteria and Archaea15
- Ch. 27 - Diversification of Eukaryotes16
- Ch. 28 - Green Algae and Land Plants16
- Ch. 29 - Fungi18
- Ch. 30 - An Introduction to Animals9
- Ch. 31 - Protostome Animals15
- Ch. 32 - Deuterostome Animals17
- Ch. 33 - Viruses16
- Ch. 34 - Plant Form and Function16
- Ch. 35 - Water and Sugar Transport in Plants16
- Ch. 36 - Plant Nutrition13
- Ch. 37 - Plant Sensory Systems, Signals, and Responses16
- Ch. 38 - Flowering Plant Reproduction and Development16
- Ch. 39 - Animal Form and Function17
- Ch. 40 - Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals16
- Ch. 41 - Animal Nutrition16
- Ch. 42 - Gas Exchange and Circulation16
- Ch. 43 - Animal Nervous Systems16
- Ch. 44 - Animal Sensory Systems16
- Ch. 45 - Animal Movement11
- Ch. 46 - Chemical Signals in Animals16
- Ch. 47 - Animal Reproduction and Development16
- Ch. 48 - The Immune System in Animals16
- Ch. 49 - An Introduction to Ecology15
- Ch. 50 - Behavioral Ecology16
- Ch. 51 - Population Ecology16
- Ch. 52 - Community Ecology20
- Ch. 53 - Ecosystems and Global Ecology17
- Ch. 54 - Biodiversity and Conservation Ecology18
Freeman8th EditionBiological ScienceISBN: 9780138276263Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo
Capitolo 33, Problema 8
Of the viruses highlighted in Section 33.4, predict which of the following would be able to make viral proteins if nothing more than its genome were injected into a suitable host cell.
a. Pea mosaic (+ssRNA virus)
b. Bluetongue (dsRNA) virus
c. Measles (−ssRNA) virus
d. Human immunodeficiency (RNA reverse-transcribing) virus
Guida verificata passo dopo passo1
Understand the problem: The question asks which viruses can directly make viral proteins if only their genome is injected into a host cell. This depends on the type of viral genome and whether it can be directly translated by the host's ribosomes.
Step 1: Recall that +ssRNA (positive-sense single-stranded RNA) viruses have genomes that can act as mRNA. This means that the host's ribosomes can directly translate the +ssRNA genome into viral proteins without additional processing.
Step 2: For dsRNA (double-stranded RNA) viruses, the genome cannot be directly translated. The host cell lacks the machinery to transcribe dsRNA into mRNA. These viruses require a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to produce mRNA from their genome.
Step 3: For −ssRNA (negative-sense single-stranded RNA) viruses, the genome is complementary to mRNA and cannot be directly translated. These viruses also require a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to synthesize mRNA from their genome.
Step 4: For RNA reverse-transcribing viruses (e.g., HIV), the genome is RNA, but it must first be reverse-transcribed into DNA by the viral reverse transcriptase enzyme. The DNA is then integrated into the host genome, and host machinery is used to produce mRNA and proteins. Thus, the RNA genome alone cannot directly produce proteins.
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Viral Genome Types
Viruses can have different types of genomes, including single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA, -ssRNA), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), and reverse-transcribing RNA. The type of genome influences how the virus replicates and produces proteins within a host cell. For instance, +ssRNA can be directly translated into proteins by the host's ribosomes, while -ssRNA must first be converted into a complementary +ssRNA before translation.
Video consigliato:
05:30
Genomes and Genome Evolution
Host Cell Machinery
Viruses rely on the host cell's machinery to replicate and produce proteins. This includes ribosomes for translation, enzymes for replication, and cellular structures for assembly. Understanding how a virus interacts with host cell machinery is crucial for predicting whether it can produce viral proteins upon injection of its genome.
Video consigliato:
05:33Cell Junctions
Viral Protein Synthesis
Viral protein synthesis refers to the process by which a virus uses the host cell's ribosomes to translate its genetic material into proteins. This process varies depending on the virus's genome type. For example, +ssRNA viruses can immediately use their genome for protein synthesis, while others may require additional steps, such as transcription or reverse transcription, to produce proteins.
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02:50Proteins
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b. Viruses that require a long time for transmission to new hosts
c. Viruses that require a long time for assembly into complex structures
d. Viruses that infect cells of the immune system
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ZIKV is a Baltimore class IV virus. Based on this classification, what do you know about the structure of its genome?
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Compare and contrast the bacteriophage lytic cycle and lysogeny by addressing
(1) the rate of replication of the viral genome
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If you were in charge of the government's budget devoted to stemming the AIDS epidemic, would you devote most of the resources to drug development or preventive medicine? Defend your answer.
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