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Ch. 8 - Integration Techniques
Briggs - Calculus: Early Transcendentals 3rd Edition
Briggs3rd EditionCalculus: Early TranscendentalsISBN: 9780136847243Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo
Tutti i libri di testoBriggs 3rd EditionCh. 8 - Integration TechniquesProblema 8.3.25
Capitolo 8, Problema 8.3.25

9–61. Trigonometric integrals Evaluate the following integrals.
25. ∫ sin²x cos⁴x dx

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Step 1: Recognize that the integral involves powers of sine and cosine. For integrals of this type, it is often helpful to use trigonometric identities to simplify the expression. Specifically, use the Pythagorean identity: sin²x = 1 - cos²x or cos²x = 1 - sin²x, depending on the situation.
Step 2: Split the powers of sine and cosine into manageable parts. For example, rewrite sin²x cos⁴x as sin²x (cos²x)². This will allow us to work with smaller powers and apply substitution techniques.
Step 3: Use substitution to simplify the integral. Let u = cosx, which implies du = -sinx dx. Rewrite the integral in terms of u and du. The integral becomes ∫ sin²x cos⁴x dx = ∫ (1 - u²) u⁴ (-du).
Step 4: Simplify the integral further. Distribute the terms and simplify: ∫ (1 - u²) u⁴ (-du) = -∫ (u⁴ - u⁶) du. Now, integrate each term separately using the power rule for integration: ∫ uⁿ du = uⁿ⁺¹ / (n + 1).
Step 5: After integrating, substitute back u = cosx to return the solution to the original variable x. Combine the terms and include the constant of integration C.

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Trigonometric Identities

Trigonometric identities are equations involving trigonometric functions that are true for all values of the variables. Key identities include the Pythagorean identities, angle sum and difference identities, and double angle formulas. These identities can simplify integrals involving trigonometric functions, making it easier to evaluate them.
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Integration Techniques

Integration techniques are methods used to find the integral of a function. Common techniques include substitution, integration by parts, and trigonometric substitution. For integrals involving products of trigonometric functions, such as sin²x and cos⁴x, using substitution or recognizing patterns can significantly simplify the process.
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Power Reduction Formulas

Power reduction formulas are used to express higher powers of sine and cosine in terms of first powers. For example, sin²x can be rewritten using the identity sin²x = (1 - cos(2x))/2. These formulas are particularly useful in integrals, as they transform the integrand into a more manageable form, facilitating easier integration.
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66-68. Areas of regions (Use of Tech) Find the area of the following regions.

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9–61. Trigonometric integrals Evaluate the following integrals.

34. ∫ tan⁹x sec⁴x dx

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76–83. Preliminary steps The following integrals require a preliminary step such as a change of variables before using the method of partial fractions. Evaluate these integrals.

79. ∫ [sec t / (1 + sin t)] dt

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27. {Use of Tech} Midpoint Rule, Trapezoid Rule, and relative error

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95–98. {Use of Tech} Numerical methods Use numerical methods or a calculator to approximate the following integrals as closely as possible. The exact value of each integral is given.

96. ∫(from 0 to ∞) (sin²x)/x² dx = π/2

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87-92. An integrand with trigonometric functions in the numerator and denominator can often be converted to a rational function using the substitution u = tan(x/2) or, equivalently, x = 2 tan⁻¹u. The following relations are used in making this change of variables.

A: dx = 2/(1 + u²) du

B: sin x = 2u/(1 + u²)

C: cos x = (1 - u²)/(1 + u²)

91. Evaluate ∫[0 to π/2] dθ/(cos θ + sin θ).

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