Domanda del libro di testo
The nuclear masses of 7Be, 9Be, and 10Be are 7.0147, 9.0100, and 10.0113 amu, respectively. Which of these nuclei has the largest binding energy per nucleon?
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Ch.21 - Nuclear Chemistry
Brown14th EditionChemistry: The Central ScienceISBN: 9780134414232
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TOC.tableOfContents
- Ch.1 - Introduction: Matter, Energy, and Measurement177
- Ch.2 - Atoms, Molecules, and Ions231
- Ch.3 - Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry216
- Ch.4 - Reactions in Aqueous Solution189
- Ch.5 - Thermochemistry175
- Ch.6 - Electronic Structure of Atoms168
- Ch.7 - Periodic Properties of the Elements150
- Ch.8 - Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding177
- Ch.9 - Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories200
- Ch.10 - Gases179
- Ch.11 - Liquids and Intermolecular Forces113
- Ch.12 - Solids and Modern Materials154
- Ch.13 - Properties of Solutions157
- Ch.14 - Chemical Kinetics199
- Ch.15 - Chemical Equilibrium128
- Ch.16 - Acid-Base Equilibria164
- Ch.17 - Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria163
- Ch.18 - Chemistry of the Environment105
- Ch.19 - Chemical Thermodynamics164
- Ch.20 - Electrochemistry171
- Ch.21 - Nuclear Chemistry122
- Ch.22 - Chemistry of the Nonmetals82
- Ch.23 - Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry79
- Ch.24 - The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry16
Brown14th EditionChemistry: The Central ScienceISBN: 9780134414232Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo
Capitolo 21, Problema 81a
Each of the following transmutations produces a radionuclide used in positron emission tomography (PET).
(a) In equations (i) and (ii), identify the species signified as 'X.'
(i) 14N(p,α)X
(ii) 18O(p,X)18F
(iii) 14N(d,n)15O
Guida verificata passo dopo passo1
Identify the type of nuclear reaction occurring in each equation. For example, (i) and (ii) involve proton bombardment, while (iii) involves deuteron bombardment.
For equation (i) \( ^{14}\text{N} + ^1\text{p} \rightarrow \alpha + ^2\text{X} \), recognize that an alpha particle (\( \alpha \)) is a helium nucleus \( ^4\text{He} \). Use the conservation of mass and atomic numbers to find \( X \).
For equation (ii) \( ^{18}\text{O} + ^1\text{p} \rightarrow X + ^2\text{18}\text{F} \), apply the conservation of mass and atomic numbers to determine \( X \). Remember that \( ^{18}\text{F} \) is a fluorine isotope.
For equation (iii) \( ^{14}\text{N} + ^1\text{d} \rightarrow \text{n} + ^2\text{15}\text{O} \), note that \( ^1\text{d} \) is a deuteron (\( ^2\text{H} \)) and \( \text{n} \) is a neutron. Use conservation laws to find the missing species.
Verify your results by ensuring that both the mass numbers and atomic numbers are balanced on both sides of each equation.
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Nuclear Transmutation
Nuclear transmutation is the process by which one element or isotope is converted into another through nuclear reactions. This can occur naturally or artificially, often involving the bombardment of nuclei with particles such as protons or neutrons. Understanding this concept is crucial for identifying the species 'X' in the given equations, as it relates to how elements change during these reactions.
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02:06
Nuclear Binding Energy
Radionuclides and Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Radionuclides are unstable isotopes that decay and emit radiation, which can be harnessed in medical imaging techniques like positron emission tomography (PET). In PET, radionuclides are used to visualize metabolic processes in the body. Recognizing the role of radionuclides in PET is essential for understanding the significance of the transmutations described in the question.
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01:53Positron Emission
Nuclear Notation
Nuclear notation is a shorthand representation of an atomic nucleus, indicating the element's symbol, atomic number, and mass number. For example, in the notation 14N1, '14' represents the mass number (total protons and neutrons), while '1' indicates the atomic number (number of protons). Familiarity with nuclear notation is necessary to interpret the equations and identify the unknown species 'X' accurately.
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02:50Standard Notation to Scientific Notation
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Domanda del libro di testo
In 2010, a team of scientists from Russia and the United States reported creation of the first atom of element 117, which is named tennessine, and whose symbol is Ts. The synthesis involved the collision of a target of 24997Bk with accelerated ions of an isotope which we will denote Q. The product atom, which we will call Z, immediately releases neutrons and forms 294117Ts: 24997Bk + Q → Z → 294117Ts + 3 10n (b) Isotope Q is unusual in that it is very long-lived (its half-life is on the order of 1019 yr) in spite of having an unfavorable neutron-to-proton ratio (Figure 21.1). Can you propose a reason for its unusual stability?
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