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Ch.7 - Periodic Properties of the Elements
Brown - Chemistry: The Central Science 14th Edition
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Tutti i libri di testoBrown 14th EditionCh.7 - Periodic Properties of the ElementsProblema 93
Capitolo 7, Problema 93

In the chemical process called electron transfer, an electron is transferred from one atom or molecule to another. (We will talk about electron transfer extensively in Chapter 20.) A simple electron transfer reaction is A(g) + A(g) → A+(g) + A-(g) For a representative nonmetal such as chlorine, is this process exothermic?

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Identify the process: The reaction involves the transfer of an electron from one chlorine atom to another, forming a positive ion \( \text{Cl}^+ \) and a negative ion \( \text{Cl}^- \).
Consider the energy changes: Ionization energy is required to remove an electron from \( \text{Cl} \) to form \( \text{Cl}^+ \), and electron affinity is released when an electron is added to \( \text{Cl} \) to form \( \text{Cl}^- \).
Compare ionization energy and electron affinity: For chlorine, the ionization energy is typically higher than the electron affinity, meaning more energy is required to remove an electron than is released when an electron is gained.
Determine the overall energy change: Since the ionization energy is greater than the electron affinity, the process requires more energy input than is released, making it endothermic.
Conclude the nature of the process: Therefore, the electron transfer process for chlorine is endothermic, not exothermic.

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Electron Transfer

Electron transfer refers to the movement of electrons from one atom or molecule to another, which is fundamental in redox reactions. In the given reaction, one atom loses an electron (oxidation) while another gains it (reduction), resulting in charged species. Understanding this process is crucial for analyzing the energy changes associated with the reaction.
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Electron Geometry

Exothermic Reactions

An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases energy, usually in the form of heat, to its surroundings. This occurs when the total energy of the products is lower than that of the reactants, indicating that energy is released during the formation of products. Determining whether the electron transfer process is exothermic involves evaluating the energy changes associated with the formation of ions.
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Endothermic & Exothermic Reactions

Chlorine as a Nonmetal

Chlorine is a representative nonmetal that readily accepts electrons to form negatively charged ions (Cl⁻). Its high electronegativity makes it a strong oxidizing agent, which influences the energy dynamics of electron transfer reactions. Understanding chlorine's behavior in electron transfer is essential for predicting whether the process is exothermic or endothermic.
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Nonmetal Properties
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Domanda del libro di testo

The ionic substance strontium oxide, SrO, forms from the reaction of strontium metal with molecular oxygen. The arrangement of the ions in solid SrO is analogous to that in solid NaCl:

(c) The density of SrO is 5.10 g>cm3. Given your answer to part (b), how many formula units of SrO are contained in the cube shown here?

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(a) Use orbital diagrams to illustrate what happens when an oxygen atom gains two electrons

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Domanda del libro di testo

The ionic substance strontium oxide, SrO, forms from the reaction of strontium metal with molecular oxygen. The arrangement of the ions in solid SrO is analogous to that in solid NaCl:

(b) Based on the ionic radii in Figure 7.8, predict the length of the side of the cube in the figure (the distance from the center of an atom at one corner to the center of an atom at a neighboring corner).

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Domanda del libro di testo

Explain the variation in the ionization energies of carbon, as displayed in this graph:

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Domanda del libro di testo

(b) Why does O3- not exist?