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Ch.9 - Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories
Brown - Chemistry: The Central Science 14th Edition
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Tutti i libri di testoBrown 14th EditionCh.9 - Molecular Geometry and Bonding TheoriesProblema 81a
Capitolo 9, Problema 81a

Determine the electron configurations for CN+, CN, and CN-. (a) Which species has the strongest C¬N bond?

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Identify the total number of electrons for each species: CN+, CN, and CN-. CN has 13 electrons (6 from C and 7 from N), CN+ has 12 electrons, and CN- has 14 electrons.
Write the electron configuration for each species using molecular orbital theory. For CN, fill the molecular orbitals in the order: \( \sigma_{1s}^2, \sigma^*_{1s}^2, \sigma_{2s}^2, \sigma^*_{2s}^2, \pi_{2p_x}^2 = \pi_{2p_y}^2, \sigma_{2p_z}^2 \).
Adjust the electron configuration for CN+ by removing one electron from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of CN, and for CN- by adding one electron to the HOMO of CN.
Determine the bond order for each species using the formula: \( \text{Bond Order} = \frac{1}{2} (\text{Number of bonding electrons} - \text{Number of antibonding electrons}) \).
Compare the bond orders of CN+, CN, and CN- to determine which species has the strongest C-N bond. The species with the highest bond order will have the strongest bond.

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Electron Configuration

Electron configuration describes the distribution of electrons in an atom or ion across various energy levels and orbitals. It is represented using a notation that indicates the number of electrons in each subshell, such as 1s² 2s² 2p⁶. Understanding electron configurations is crucial for predicting chemical behavior, including bond formation and stability.
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Electron Configuration Example

Bond Order

Bond order is a measure of the number of chemical bonds between a pair of atoms. It is calculated as the difference between the number of bonding and antibonding electrons divided by two. A higher bond order typically indicates a stronger bond, as it reflects greater electron density between the nuclei of the bonded atoms.
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Average Bond Order

Ionic and Covalent Character

Ionic and covalent character refers to the nature of the bond between atoms, influenced by their electronegativities. In a covalent bond, electrons are shared, while in an ionic bond, electrons are transferred. The balance of these characters affects bond strength; for example, a more covalent bond often results in a stronger interaction between atoms, impacting the overall stability of the molecule.
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Metallic Character Example
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Determine the electron configurations for CN+, CN, and CN-. (b) Which species, if any, has unpaired electrons?

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If we assume that the energy-level diagrams for homonuclear diatomic molecules shown in Figure 9.43 can be applied to heteronuclear diatomic molecules and ions, predict the bond order and magnetic behavior of (d) ClF.

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