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What is a racemic mixture? Does it affect plane-polarized light? Explain.
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Ch.21 - Transition Elements and Coordination Chemistry
McMurry8th EditionChemistryISBN: 9781292336145
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TOC.tableOfContents
- Ch.1 - Chemical Tools: Experimentation & Measurement170
- Ch.2 - Atoms, Molecules & Ions160
- Ch.3 - Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions169
- Ch.4 - Reactions in Aqueous Solution199
- Ch.5 - Periodicity & Electronic Structure of Atoms102
- Ch.6 - Ionic Compounds: Periodic Trends and Bonding Theory92
- Ch.7 - Covalent Bonding and Electron-Dot Structures61
- Ch.8 - Covalent Compounds: Bonding Theories and Molecular Structure59
- Ch.9 - Thermochemistry: Chemical Energy122
- Ch.10 - Gases: Their Properties & Behavior155
- Ch.11 - Liquids & Phase Changes54
- Ch.12 - Solids and Solid-State Materials73
- Ch.13 - Solutions & Their Properties120
- Ch.14 - Chemical Kinetics98
- Ch.15 - Chemical Equilibrium125
- Ch.16 - Aqueous Equilibria: Acids & Bases110
- Ch.17 - Applications of Aqueous Equilibria147
- Ch.18 - Thermodynamics: Entropy, Free Energy & Equilibrium86
- Ch.19 - Electrochemistry154
- Ch.20 - Nuclear Chemistry96
- Ch.21 - Transition Elements and Coordination Chemistry156
- Ch.22 - The Main Group Elements187
- Ch.23 - Organic and Biological Chemistry51
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McMurry 8th EditionCh.21 - Transition Elements and Coordination ChemistryProblema 21.10
McMurry 8th EditionCh.21 - Transition Elements and Coordination ChemistryProblema 21.10Capitolo 21, Problema 21.10
What hybrid orbitals are used by the metal ion and how many unpaired electrons are present the complex ion [VCl4]- with tetrahedral geometry?
(a) sp3; 2 unpaired electrons
(b) sp3; 3 unpaired electrons
(c) sp3d2; 3 unpaired electrons
(d) sp3d2; 4 unpaired electrons
Guida verificata passo dopo passo1
Identify the central metal ion in the complex. Here, it is vanadium (V).
Determine the oxidation state of vanadium in the complex [VCl_4]^-. Chlorine (Cl) has a -1 charge, and there are four Cl^- ions, so the total charge from Cl is -4. The complex has an overall charge of -1, so the oxidation state of V is +3.
Write the electron configuration for the V^3+ ion. Vanadium (V) has an atomic number of 23, so its electron configuration is [Ar] 3d^3 4s^2. For V^3+, remove three electrons, resulting in [Ar] 3d^2.
Determine the hybridization of the metal ion. Since the complex has a tetrahedral geometry, the hybridization is sp^3.
Count the number of unpaired electrons in the 3d orbitals of V^3+. With the electron configuration [Ar] 3d^2, there are 2 unpaired electrons.
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Hybridization
Hybridization is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals that can accommodate bonding in molecules. In the case of transition metals, the hybridization can involve s, p, and d orbitals, depending on the coordination number and geometry of the complex. For tetrahedral complexes, the common hybridization is sp³, which involves one s and three p orbitals.
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00:51
Hybridization
Tetrahedral Geometry
Tetrahedral geometry occurs when a central atom is surrounded by four substituents arranged at the corners of a tetrahedron. This geometry is characterized by bond angles of approximately 109.5 degrees. In coordination complexes, tetrahedral geometry typically arises when a metal ion is bonded to four ligands, influencing the hybridization of the metal's orbitals.
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04:44Electron Geometry
Unpaired Electrons
Unpaired electrons are electrons in an atom or ion that are not paired with another electron in an orbital. The presence of unpaired electrons is crucial for determining the magnetic properties of a substance and can influence the color and reactivity of coordination complexes. In transition metal complexes, the number of unpaired electrons can be determined by the electron configuration of the metal ion and its hybridization state.
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04:44Electron Geometry
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Domanda del libro di testo
The amount of paramagnetism for a first-series transition metal complex is related approximately to its spin-only magnetic moment. The spin-only value of the magnetic moment in units of Bohr magnetons (BM) is given by sqrt(n(n + 2)), where n is the number of unpaired electrons. Calculate the spin-only value of the magnetic moment for the 2+ ions of the first-series transition metals (except Sc) in octahedral complexes with (a) weak-field ligands and (b) strong-field ligands. For which electron configurations can the magnetic moment distinguish between high-spin and low-spin electron configurations?
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Domanda del libro di testo
Draw a crystal field energy-level diagram, assign the electrons to orbitals, and predict the number of unpaired electrons for each of the following.
(a) [Cu(en)3]2+
(b) [FeF6]2-
(c) [Co(en)3]3+ (low spin)
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Domanda del libro di testo
Based on the wavelength of maximum absorption of the cobalt complexes, arrange the following ligands in a spectrochemical series from weakest-field to strongest-field ligand.
(a) Cl- < NCS- < H2O < NH3
(b) Cl- < NCS- < H2O < NH3
(c) H2O < Cl- < NH3 < NCS-
(d) Cl- < H2O < NCS- < NH3
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Domanda del libro di testo
Which of the following complexes can exist as enantiomers? Draw their structures.
(a) [Cr(en)3]3+
(b) cis-[Co(NH3)Cl]2+
(c) trans-[Co(en)2(NH3)Cl]2+
(d) [Pt(NH3)3Cl3]+
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Domanda del libro di testo
Predict the number of unpaired electrons for each of the following.
(a) Sc3+
(b) Co2+
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