Ch.8 - Covalent Compounds: Bonding Theories and Molecular Structure

McMurry8th EditionChemistryISBN: 9781292336145Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo

McMurry 8th Edition

Ch.8 - Covalent Compounds: Bonding Theories and Molecular Structure

Problema 108

Capitolo 8, Problema 108

Make a sketch showing the location and geometry of the p orbitals in the nitrite ion, NO2-. Describe the bonding in this ion using a localized valence bond model for s bonding and a delocalized MO model for p bonding.

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Identify the atomic structure and electron configuration of nitrogen and oxygen. Nitrogen typically has five valence electrons and oxygen has six. In the nitrite ion, NO2-, there is an additional electron due to the negative charge.

Sketch the p orbitals for nitrogen and oxygen. Each oxygen atom will have three p orbitals (px, py, pz), and nitrogen will also have three p orbitals. Arrange these orbitals in a way that reflects the molecular geometry of the nitrite ion, which is bent.

Discuss the sigma (σ) bonding in the nitrite ion. Sigma bonds are typically formed by the overlap of s orbitals or hybrid orbitals. In the case of NO2-, the nitrogen atom is sp2 hybridized, and each of the sp2 orbitals forms a sigma bond with one of the oxygen atoms.

Explain the pi (π) bonding using a delocalized molecular orbital (MO) model. In NO2-, the p orbitals on the oxygen atoms that are not used in sigma bonding can overlap with the unhybridized p orbital on nitrogen to form pi bonds. These pi bonds are delocalized over the entire molecule, contributing to the resonance stabilization of the ion.

Illustrate the molecular orbital diagram if possible, showing the bonding and antibonding orbitals and how the electrons are distributed among them. This will help in understanding the overall stability and electronic structure of the nitrite ion.

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p Orbitals and Their Geometry

P orbitals are dumbbell-shaped regions of space where the probability of finding an electron is high. In the context of the nitrite ion (NO2-), there are three p orbitals oriented at right angles to each other, with two of them involved in bonding. The geometry of these orbitals is crucial for understanding how they overlap with s orbitals to form bonds.

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04:44

Electron Geometry

Localized Valence Bond Theory

Localized valence bond theory describes how atoms in a molecule form bonds by sharing pairs of electrons in overlapping atomic orbitals. In the nitrite ion, the s bonding involves the overlap of the nitrogen's s orbital with the oxygen's p orbitals, resulting in sigma bonds. This model emphasizes the localized nature of electron pairs in specific bonds.

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Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory

Delocalized Molecular Orbital Theory

Delocalized molecular orbital (MO) theory explains how electrons are not confined to individual bonds but are spread over several atoms in a molecule. In the nitrite ion, the p electrons are delocalized across the nitrogen and oxygen atoms, leading to resonance structures that contribute to the overall bonding character. This model provides a more comprehensive view of the bonding in polyatomic ions.

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03:06

Molecular Orbital Theory

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Cyclooctatetraene dianion, C₈H₈^2-, is an organic ion with the structure shown. Considering only the p bonds and not the s bonds, cyclooctatetraene dianion can be described by the following energy diagrams of its p molecular orbitals:

(a) What is the hybridization of the 8 carbon atoms?

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In the cyanate ion, OCN-, carbon is the central atom. (d) Which hybrid orbitals are used by the C atom, and how many p bonds does the C atom form?

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