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Ch.10 - Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Shapes & Valence Bond Theory
Tro - Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 4th Edition
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Capitolo 10, Problema 79

According to MO theory, which molecule or ion has the highest bond order? C2, C2+ , C2- According to MO theory, which molecule or ion has the highest bond energy? According to MO theory, which molecule or ion has the shortest bond length?

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Identify the molecular orbitals (MOs) for each species: C_2, C_2^+, and C_2^-.
Determine the electron configuration for each species using the MO diagram for diatomic carbon species.
Calculate the bond order for each species using the formula: Bond Order = (Number of bonding electrons - Number of antibonding electrons) / 2.
Compare the bond orders to determine which species has the highest bond order, as bond order is directly related to bond energy and inversely related to bond length.
Conclude that the species with the highest bond order will have the highest bond energy and the shortest bond length.

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Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory

Molecular Orbital Theory describes the behavior of electrons in molecules by combining atomic orbitals to form molecular orbitals. These orbitals can be occupied by electrons and are classified as bonding, antibonding, or non-bonding. The arrangement of electrons in these orbitals determines properties such as bond order, bond energy, and bond length.
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Molecular Orbital Theory

Bond Order

Bond order is a measure of the number of chemical bonds between a pair of atoms. It is calculated as the difference between the number of bonding and antibonding electrons divided by two. A higher bond order indicates a stronger bond and is associated with greater stability and shorter bond lengths.
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Average Bond Order

Bond Energy

Bond energy is the amount of energy required to break a bond between two atoms in a molecule. It is directly related to bond order; higher bond orders typically correspond to higher bond energies. This concept is crucial for understanding the stability of molecules and the energy changes during chemical reactions.
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Bond Energy
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